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iPad Pro 9.7 Display Technology Shoot-Out

iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7

 

Dr. Raymond M. Soneira

President, DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 

Copyright © 1990-2016 by DisplayMate Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

This article, or any part thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated

into any other work without the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 

 

iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

 

Introduction

The key element for a great Tablet has always been a truly innovative and top performing display, and the best leading edge Tablets have always flaunted their beautiful high tech displays.

 

At first glance the iPad Pro 9.7 looks almost indistinguishable from the 2014 iPad Air 2. Actually, the displays are the same size and have the same pixel resolution. But that’s as far as it goes... The iPad Pro 9.7 display is a Truly Impressive major enhancement on the iPad Air 2... and even on the recent iPad Pro 12.9 and iPad mini 4... and even every other mobile LCD display that we have ever tested... and note that I hand out compliments on displays very carefully. Here’s why...

 

What’s New

These are several of the most important and interesting display enhancements on the iPad Pro 9.7 that we will cover in detail in this article:

 

The iPad Pro 9.7 has two standard Color Gamuts, the new DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut that is used in 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema, and also the traditional smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used for producing virtually all current consumer content for digital cameras, TVs, the internet, and computers, including photos, videos, and movies. What’s more, on the iPad Pro 9.7 both Gamuts have been implemented with color accuracy that is visually indistinguishable from perfect. That’s impressive...

 

And not only is the iPad Pro 9.7 more than 20 percent brighter than the other current iPads, but it is the brightest full size production Tablet that we have seen. And even more important and impressive is that it has by far the lowest screen Reflectance of any mobile display, so its image colors and contrast in high ambient light will appear considerably better than on any other mobile display.

 

True Tone and Night Shift

Along with the iPad Pro 9.7 Apple has also introduced two new display functions that are designed for improving visual and user comfort: True Tone and Night Shift. While we have performed Lab measurements for them, they both depend on personal preferences for individual comfort, so everyone needs to evaluate each one themselves.

 

True Tone automatically changes the White Point and color balance of the display based on real-time measurements of the ambient light falling on the screen. The idea is to make the display behave more like paper reflecting ambient light and taking on its color. Night Shift is designed to change the color balance of the display in order to reduce the amount of Blue light coming from the display, which some recent research indicates can affect how well users sleep afterwards. We’ll examine both in detail.

 

The Display Shoot-Out

We’ll cover all of these issues and much more, with in-depth comprehensive display tests, measurements and analysis that you will find nowhere else.

 

To examine the performance of the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7 displays we ran our in-depth series of Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out Lab tests and measurements in order to determine how these latest LCD Tablet displays have improved. We take display quality very seriously and provide in-depth objective analysis based on detailed laboratory tests and measurements and extensive viewing tests with both test patterns, test images and test photos. To see how far mobile displays have progressed in just six years see our 2010 Smartphone Display Shoot-Out, and for a real history lesson see our original 2006 Smartphone Display Shoot-Out.

 

 

 

 

Color Gamuts

Click to Enlarge

 

Color Accuracy

Click to Enlarge

 

Intensity Scale

Click to Enlarge

 

Display Spectrum

Click to Enlarge

 

 

Results Highlights

In this Results section we provide Highlights of the comprehensive DisplayMate Lab tests and measurements and extensive visual comparisons using test photos, test images, and test patterns that are covered in the advanced sections. The main Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table summarizes the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7 Lab measurements in the following categories:  Screen ReflectionsBrightness and ContrastColors and IntensitiesViewing AnglesLCD SpectraDisplay Power. You can also skip these Highlights and go directly to the iPad Conclusions.

 

Overview

In this Highlights section we will just focus on the new performance capabilities and features of the iPad Pro 9.7. For comparisons and much more additional background information on the display performance of the other current model iPads see our Apple iPad Pro 12.9 and iPad mini 4 Display Technology Shoot-Out.

 

Two Color Gamuts including a new Wide DCI-P3 used by 4K UHD TVs

The iPad Pro 9.7 fully supports two important standard Color Gamuts, the new DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut that is used in 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema, and also the traditional smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used for producing virtually all current consumer content for digital cameras, TVs, the internet, and computers, including photos, videos, and movies. All of the other recent model iPads and iPhones and almost all other Tablets and Smartphones just support sRGB / Rec.709.

 

Since the iPad Pro 9.7 supports two Color Gamuts it needs to also implement color management in order to get the second smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut to also appear correctly, which is generated from the wider native DCI-P3. Each display is individually calibrated at the factory. The iPad Pro 9.7 has a very accurate 103 percent of the sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut and 102 percent of the wide DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut. See this Figure for the measured Color Gamuts.

 

In addition, the iPad Pro 9.7 detects content marked with the wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut and automatically switches between the Gamuts so that content with the smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut is accurately reproduced and not displayed with over saturated colors.

 

Display Brightness and Contrast Ratio

The measured Peak Brightness for the iPad Pro 9.7 is 511 cd/m2 (nits), which is not only more than 20 percent brighter than the iPad Air 2 and the other current iPads, but it is the brightest full size production Tablet that we have tested. High screen Brightness is only needed when in High Ambient Light, so most of the time the Brightness should be set lower than the maximum.

 

The Display’s Maximum Contrast is the Ratio between its Peak White Brightness (Luminance) and its darkest Black Luminance, one of the more important measures of LCD performance quality. The iPad Pro 9.7 has a Contrast Ratio of 1,022, which is Very Good for a mobile display, and almost identical to the iPad Air 2, but lower than the record 1,631 for the iPad Pro 12.9. However, Contrast Ratio is only meaningful in low ambient light, which is seldom the case for mobile displays. See the Brightness and Contrast section for measurements and details.

 

When the display is viewed under ambient light, the light reflected by the screen results in a lower Effective Contrast Ratio that depends on the Screen Reflectance. Our Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light provides a quantitative measure for display performance in ambient light, which we examine next...

 

Record Low Screen Reflectance and Performance in Ambient Lighting

The screens on all displays are mirrors that reflect light from everything that is illuminated anywhere in front of the screen (especially anything behind the viewers), including lamps, ceiling lights, windows, direct and indirect indoor and outdoor sunlight, which washes out the on-screen colors, degrades image contrast, and interferes with seeing the on-screen images. The lower the Screen Reflectance the better. In fact, decreasing the Screen Reflectance by 50 percent doubles the effective Contrast Ratio in Ambient Light, so it is very important.

 

To visually compare the differences in screen Reflectance for yourself, hold any Tablets or Smartphones side-by-side and turn off the displays so you just see the reflections. Those reflections are still there when you turn them on, and the brighter the ambient light the brighter the reflections.

 

The iPad Pro 9.7 has a very innovative low Reflectance screen that reflects just 1.7 percent of the ambient light by using a new Anti-Reflection AR coating. It has by far the lowest screen Reflectance of any mobile display, so its image colors and contrast in high ambient light will appear considerably better than on any other mobile display. It’s a major enhancement that reduces the reflected light glare from the screen by a very impressive factor of 3 to 1 compared to most Tablets and Smartphones.

 

Our Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light quantitatively measures screen visibility under bright Ambient Light – the higher the better. As a result of its high Brightness and very low Reflectance, the iPad Pro 9.7 has a Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light of 301, by far the highest that we have ever measured. See the Screen Reflections and Brightness and Contrast sections for measurements and details.

 

Record Absolute Color Accuracy

Delivering great color with high Absolute Color Accuracy is incredibly difficult because everything on the display has to be done just right. In order to deliver accurate image colors, a display needs to closely match the standard Color Gamut that was used for producing the content being viewed – not more and not less. In addition the display also needs an accurate (pure logarithmic power-law) Intensity Scale, and an accurate White Point.

 

Since the iPad Pro 9.7 supports two Color Gamuts it needs to also implement color management in order to get the second smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut to also appear correctly, which is generated from the wider native DCI-P3. Each display is individually calibrated at the factory.

 

The Absolute Color Accuracy of the iPad Pro 9.7 is Truly Impressive as shown in these Figures. It has an Absolute Color Accuracy of 1.3 JNCD for the sRGB / Red.709 Color Gamut used for most current consumer content and 1.4 JNCD for the Wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut used for 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema. It is the most color accurate display that we have ever measured. It is visually indistinguishable from perfect, and is very likely considerably better than any mobile display, monitor, TV or UHD TV that you have.

 

See this Figure for an explanation and visual definition of Just Noticeable Color Difference JNCD and the Color Accuracy Plots showing the measured display Color Errors. See the Color Accuracy section and the Color Accuracy Plots for measurements and details.

 

True Tone Viewing Mode

True Tone automatically changes the White Point and color balance of the display based on real-time measurements of the ambient light falling on the screen. The idea is to make the display behave more like paper reflecting ambient light and taking on its color. It is implemented with two Ambient Light sensors at the top left and right corners of the screen that measure the Color of the ambient light in addition to its Brightness. Two sensors on both sides are best because a single sensor in the middle would be pointed at and primarily measuring the user’s face.

 

When we turned on True Tone under incandescent lighting with a Color Temperature of about 3,000K, the Color Temperature of the iPad Pro 9.7 White Point shifted from 6,945K down to 5,500K, which is quite noticeable and visually significant, but it doesn’t come close to matching the color of reflected light from white paper. The color change with ambient light may be better primarily for reading text on the screen’s white background.

 

And most users might not want such a drastic color change with ambient light anyway, which would affect and significantly reduce the Absolute Color Accuracy of all image content (including photos and videos), one of the iPad Pro’s strongest features. My recommendation is that True Tone needs a Slider adjustment so that each person can vary the magnitude of the effect, from very little to a lot.

 

Night Shift Viewing Mode

Night Shift is designed to change the color balance of the display in order to reduce the amount of Blue light coming from the display, which some recent research indicates can affect how well users sleep afterwards. In a separate article we have analyzed the performance of Night Shift, and then provide our own detailed recommendations for both consumers and manufacturers.

 

The measurements in that article are based on the iPads with the narrower sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut like on the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 12.9, however, the Blue part of the spectrum below 490nm for the iPad Pro 9.7 is almost identical to them as shown in this Figure, so the article results also cover the iPad Pro 9.7.

 

Viewing Angle Performance

While Tablets are primarily single viewer devices, the variation in display performance with Viewing Angle is still very important because single viewers frequently hold the display at a variety of viewing angles, plus they are large enough for sharing the screen with others. The angle is often up to 30 degrees, more if it is resting on a table or desk.

 

All iPads have IPS LCD displays, so we expected the iPad Pro 9.7 to show very small color shifts with Viewing Angle, and our lab measurements confirmed their excellent Viewing Angle performance, with no visually noticeable color shifts.

 

However, all LCDs do have a strong decrease in Brightness (Luminance) with Viewing Angle, and the iPad Pro 9.7 showed (as expected) a 47 to 55 percent decrease in Brightness at a modest 30 degree viewing angle, slightly better than the iPad Air 2 and all other iPads. See the Viewing Angles section for measurements and details.

 

Viewing Tests

All current model iPads provide very nice, pleasing and accurate colors and picture quality. The very challenging set of DisplayMate Test and Calibration Photos that we use to evaluate picture quality looked Beautiful on the iPad Pro 9.7, even to my experienced hyper-critical eyes.

 

But the iPad Pro 9.7 excels for two special reasons: its very high Absolute Color Accuracy (1.35 JNCD) and its very low Screen Reflectance (1.7 percent). See Color Accuracy Figures and the Colors and Intensities section for quantitative details.

 

Display Power Efficiency

There are many factors that affect a display’s power efficiency, including its native Color Gamut, the type of the White LEDs that are used, the optics and optical films in the Backlight, the circuit technology in the LCD Backplane, the Pixels Per Inch, and the screen refresh rate.

 

After measuring the power used by iPad Pro 9.7 and iPad Air 2 displays, we scaled the results to the same screen brightness (Luminance) in order to compare their Relative Power Efficiencies.

 

The iPad Pro 9.7 has a wider native DCI-P3 Color Gamut, which is typically less power efficient than the narrower sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut of the iPad Air 2. However, the iPad Pro 9.7 has a higher conductivity Metal Oxide Backplane, which increases the light throughput and further improves its Power Efficiency. The iPad Pro 9.7 display also uses a lower refresh rate when the images remain static (like during our power measurements). These effects all counter-balance one another, so the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7 in the end have the same overall Power Efficiency.

 

See the Display Power section LCD Display Spectrum Figure and for measurements and details.

 

 

 

 

Color Gamuts

Click to Enlarge

 

Color Accuracy

Click to Enlarge

 

Intensity Scale

Click to Enlarge

 

Display Spectrum

Click to Enlarge

 

 

Conclusions for the iPad Pro 9.7:   An Excellent Top Tier Display…

The primary goal of this Display Technology Shoot-Out article series has always been to publicize and promote display excellence so that consumers, journalists and even manufacturers are aware of and appreciate the very best in displays and display technology. We point out which manufactures and display technologies are leading and advancing the state-of-the-art for displays by performing comprehensive and objective scientific Lab tests and measurements together with in-depth analysis. We point out who is leading, who is behind, who is improving, and sometimes (unfortunately) who is back pedaling… all based solely on the extensive objective careful Lab measurements that we also publish, so that everyone can judge the data for themselves as well…

 

The Conclusions below summarize all of the major results. See the main Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table for all the DisplayMate Lab measurements and test details, and see the Results Highlights section above for a more detailed introduction and overview with expanded discussions and explanations.

 

An Outstanding LCD Display

The display on the iPad Pro 9.7 is a Truly Impressive Top Performing Display and a major upgrade to the display on the iPad Air 2. It is by far the best performing mobile LCD display that we have ever tested, and it breaks many display performance records.

 

Two Standard Color Gamuts:

The iPad Pro 9.7 fully and very accurately supports two important standard Color Gamuts, the new DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut that is used in 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema, and also the traditional smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used for producing virtually all current consumer content for digital cameras, TVs, the internet, and computers, including photos, videos, and movies.

 

The Absolute Color Accuracy of the iPad Pro 9.7 is Truly Impressive as shown in these Figures. It is the most color accurate display that we have ever measured. It is visually indistinguishable from perfect, and is very likely considerably better than on any mobile display, monitor, TV or UHD TV that you have.

 

Most mobile and TV displays only support a single Color Gamut, including all previous iPads and iPhones. Furthermore, the iPad Pro 9.7 detects content marked with the wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut and automatically switches between the Gamuts so that content with the smaller sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut is accurately reproduced and not displayed with over saturated colors. My recommendation is there should be an option switch so that a user can manually force the Color Gamut into the wider DCI-P3 or smaller sRGB / Rec.709.

 

Very Low Screen Reflectance:

The iPad Pro 9.7 has a very innovative low Reflectance screen that reflects just 1.7 percent of the ambient light by using a new Anti-Reflection AR coating. It has by far the lowest screen Reflectance of any mobile display, so its image colors and contrast in high ambient light will appear considerably better than on any other mobile display.

 

While the importance of low Reflectance has been overlooked by most consumers, reviewers, and (even) manufacturers, it is a major enhancement that reduces the reflected light glare from the screen by a very impressive factor of 3 to 1 compared to most Tablets and Smartphones. Reflected ambient light washes out the on-screen images, reducing both their contrast and color saturation, so on the iPad Pro 9.7 you’ll see better color and contrast in ambient light than on any other mobile display.

 

Lower screen Reflectance also allows you to reduce the display Brightness settings in ambient light, which saves power and increases running time on battery. Lowering screen Reflectance is a major display performance improvement for real world viewing conditions!

 

The iPad Pro 9.7 breaks many new records in display performance for:

Highest Absolute Color Accuracy for any display for Both Color Gamuts (1.35 JNCD), Lowest Screen Reflectance for any mobile display (1.7 percent), Highest Peak Brightness in a full size Tablet for any Picture Level (511 nits), Highest Contrast Rating in High Ambient light (301), and Smallest Color variation with Viewing Angle (all under 2.0 JNCD).

 

As we show in the Lab Measurements Table section below, the iPad Pro 9.7 delivers uniformly consistent all around Top Tier display performance: one of a small number of displays to ever to get all Green (Very Good to Excellent) Ratings in all test and measurement categories (except for Brightness variation with Viewing Angle, which is the case for all LCDs) since we started the Display Technology Shoot-Out article Series in 2006, an impressive achievement for a display.

 

In the Next Generation of Displays section below we’ll explain how the display performance in ambient light can be further significantly improved.

 

True Tone and Night Shift

Apple has also introduced two new display functions that are designed for improving visual and user comfort: True Tone and Night Shift. While we have performed Lab measurements for them, they both depend on personal preferences for individual comfort, so everyone needs to evaluate each one themselves.

 

True Tone automatically changes the White Point and color balance of the display based on real-time measurements of the ambient light falling on the screen. The idea is to make the display behave more like paper reflecting ambient light and taking on its color and brightness. My recommendation is that True Tone needs a Slider adjustment so that each person can vary the magnitude of the effect.

 

Night Shift is designed to change the color balance of the display in order to reduce the amount of Blue light coming from the display, which some recent research indicates can affect how well users sleep afterwards. In a separate article we have analyzed the performance of Night Shift, and then provide our own detailed recommendations for both consumers and manufacturers.

 

Possible Hints on the Display for the iPhone 7

Since Apple likes to expand new technology across its product lines, an educated guess for the upcoming iPhone 7 is that its display could be a small version of the iPad Pro 9.7. Improvements could include adding the new DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut and also adding an Anti-Reflection coating that could lower the screen Reflectance from the current iPhone 4.6 percent down to 1.7 percent (a factor of almost 3 improvement). Both of these would also improve the iPhone screen performance and readability in high ambient light. True Tone could be added if Apple upgrades the Ambient Light sensors so they measure Color in addition to Brightness.

 

Comparison with the iPad Pro 12.9 Display

The display on the new iPad Pro 9.7 outperforms the iPad Pro 12.9 in every single display performance category except (obviously) size, and then just its Black Luminance, which results in a higher Contrast Ratio in the dark. The iPad Pro 12.9 is still a very good display, it’s just that the iPad Pro 9.7 is so much better than anything else. Next we show how to compare them...

 

Comparing Tablet Displays

You can directly compare all of the display performance measurements and results for many other Tablets by referring to our Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out article series by using a Tabbed web browser on the Comparison Table for each article. The entries for all of the articles are mostly identical with only minor formatting differences, so it is easy to make detailed side-by-side comparisons by simply clicking through the Tabs for each Tablet.

 

Below are links for the Comparison Tables for the Tablets mentioned in the article:

Apple iPad Pro 9.7 Lab Measurements Comparison Table

Apple iPad Pro 12.9 and iPad mini 4 Lab Measurements Comparison Table

Microsoft Surface Pro 4 Lab Measurements Comparison Table

Samsung OLED Tablet Lab Measurements Comparison Table

 

The Next Generation of Displays  –  Better Performance in Ambient Light

Right now the iPads are the unrivaled record holders for display performance in ambient light as a result of their record low screen Reflectance of 1.7 to 2.6 percent, significantly lower than the 4.5 to 6.5 percent Reflectance currently found in all other current competing Tablets and Smartphones.

 

Apple has taken an important first step towards improving display performance in ambient light. But essentially all displays are still designed to work best in absolute darkness, but they all significantly degrade in even modest levels of ambient light. However, Microsoft has also taken an important initial step, with the Surface 3 providing its best Color Accuracy in typical indoor 300 lux ambient light rather than in absolute darkness like everybody else…

 

The best performing LCD and OLED displays are now delivering impressive sharpness, brightness, low reflectance, high color accuracy, accurate image contrast, and great viewing angles. So what comes next? Essentially all published display specifications and factory calibrations are based on performance in absolute darkness 0 lux, but mobile displays (and even TVs) are seldom viewed in the dark. Even low levels of ambient light significantly affect the image and picture quality. For example, the 100 percent Color Gamut specified by many manufacturers only applies at 0 lux. At 500 lux, which corresponds to typical indoor office lighting, the on-screen colors are washed out by the reflected ambient light, typically reducing the on-screen Color Gamut from 100 percent down to 80 percent, plus the image contrast is also significantly affected. And it gets worse as the ambient light levels increase.

 

So here is what needs to come next…

 

The most important improvements for both LCD and OLED displays will come from improving their image and picture quality and screen readability in real world ambient light, which washes out the screen images, resulting in reduced image contrast, color saturation, and color accuracy. The key will be in lowering screen Reflectance and then implementing Dynamic Color Management with automatic real-time modification of a larger Color Gamut and Intensity Scale based the measured Ambient Light level in order to have them compensate for the reflected light glare and image wash out from ambient light as discussed in our 2014 Innovative Displays and Display Technology and SID Display Technology Shoot-Out articles.

 

The higher the ambient light level, the larger the Color Gamut that the display needs in order to compensate for the loss of color saturation from the reflected ambient light. All LCDs will need tunable Quantum Dots, special phosphors, fluorescent films or discrete Blue, Green and Red LEDs in order to implement the necessary large Color Gamuts.

 

The displays, technologies, and manufacturers that succeed in implementing this new real world high ambient light performance strategy will take the lead in the next generations of mobile displays… Follow DisplayMate on Twitter to learn about these developments and our upcoming display technology coverage.

 

 

DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology

All Tablet and Smartphone displays can be significantly improved using DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration, and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production quality control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the benefits of our DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.

 

iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

 

Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table

Below we examine in-depth the LCD displays on the Apple iPad Air 2 and Apple iPad Pro 9.7 based on objective Lab measurement data and criteria. For comparisons and additional background information on the other current iPads see our Apple iPad Pro 12.9 and iPad mini 4 Display Technology Shoot-Out.

 

For comparisons with other Tablet displays see our Microsoft Surface Pro 4 Display Technology Shoot-Out and the Samsung OLED Tab S Display Technology Shoot-Out. For comparisons with the other leading Tablet, Smartphone, and Smart Watch displays see our Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out series.

 

Categories

iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

Comments

Display Technology

 

 

 

   9.7 inch Diagonal

IPS LCD

Photo Aligned LCD

 

  9.7 inch Diagonal

IPS LCD

Photo Aligned LCD

Metal Oxide TFT

The diagonal screen size.

Liquid Crystal Display

In Plane Switching

 

Screen Shape

   4:3 = 1.33

Aspect Ratio

  4:3 = 1.33

Aspect Ratio

The iPads have the same shape as 8.5x11 paper.

Screen Size

 7.8 x 5.8 inches

7.8 x 5.8 inches

Display Width and Height in inches.

Screen Area

 45.1 Square Inches

45.1 Square Inches

A better measure of size than the diagonal length.

Relative Screen Area

 100 percent

100 percent

Relative screen areas compared to the iPad Air 2.

Color Gamut

 

 

 

 

One Color Gamut

 

sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

 

 

Two Color Gamuts

 

sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

 

DCI-P3 Wide Color Gamut

sRGB / Rec.709 is the color standard for most

content and needed for accurate color reproduction.

 

DCI-P3 is a 26% larger Color Gamut that is

used in 4K UHD TVs and in Digital Cinema.

Display Resolution

 

 

 2048 x 1536 pixels

Full High Definition+

Very Good

2048 x 1536 pixels

Full High Definition+

Very Good

Screen Pixel Resolution.

 

 

Total Number of Pixels

 

 3.1 Mega Pixels

Very Good

 3.1 Mega Pixels

Very Good

Total Number of Pixels.

 

Pixels Per Inch

 264 PPI

Very Good

264 PPI

Very Good

Sharpness depends on the viewing distance and PPI.

See this on the visual acuity for a true Retina Display

20/20 Vision Distance

where Pixels or Sub-Pixels

are Not Resolved

 13.0 inches or more

with 20/20 Vision

13.0 inches or more

with 20/20 Vision

For 20/20 Vision the minimum Viewing Distance

where the screen appears perfectly sharp to the eye.

Display Sharpness

at Typical Viewing Distances

  Display normally appears

Perfectly Sharp

Typical 14 inches or more

 

Pixels are not Resolved with 20/20 Vision

Display normally appears

Perfectly Sharp

Typical 14 inches or more

 

Pixels are not Resolved with 20/20 Vision

The Typical Viewing Distances are:

14 inches or more for the 9.7 inch iPads

 

 

 

Appears Perfectly Sharp

at Typical Viewing Distances

   Yes

 Yes

Typical Viewing Distances are listed above.

Photo Viewer Color Depth

  Full 24-bit Color

No Dithering Visible

256 Intensity Levels

 Full 24-bit Color

No Dithering Visible

256 Intensity Levels

Many Android Tablets still have some

form of 16-bit color depth in the Gallery Viewer.

The iPads do not have this issue.

 

Overall Assessments

This section summarizes the results for all of the extensive Lab Measurements and Viewing Tests performed on the display

See  Screen ReflectionsBrightness and ContrastColors and IntensitiesViewing AnglesLCD SpectraDisplay Power.

 

Categories

 iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

Comments

Viewing Tests

in Subdued Ambient Lighting

 

 

  Very Good Images

Photos and Videos

have Very Good Color

and Accurate Contrast

Excellent Images

Photos and Videos

have Excellent Color

and Accurate Contrast

The Viewing Tests examine the accuracy of

photographic images by comparing the displays

to an calibrated studio monitor and HDTV.

 

Variation with Viewing Angle

Colors and Brightness

 

See Viewing Angles

 

 

 

 Small Color Shifts

with Viewing Angle

Very Good

 

Large Brightness Shift

with Viewing Angle

Typical for all LCDs

Small Color Shifts

with Viewing Angle

Excellent

 

Large Brightness Shift

with Viewing Angle

Typical for all LCDs

The iPad displays all have a relatively large

decrease in Brightness with Viewing Angle and

relatively small Color Shifts with Viewing Angle.

 

See the Viewing Angles section for details.

 

 

Overall Display Assessment

Lab Tests and Measurements

 Very Good LCD Display

Excellent LCD Display

The iPad displays all performed

very well in the Lab Tests and Measurements.

 

Color Gamut

 

 

 

 107 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

 

 

 

103 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

 

102 percent

DCI-P3 Color Gamut

sRGB / Rec.709 is the color standard for most

content and needed for accurate color reproduction.

 

DCI-P3 is a 26% larger Color Gamut that is

used in 4K UHD TVs and in Digital Cinema

Absolute Color Accuracy

Measured over Entire Gamut

 

See Figure 2 and Colors

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Good Color Accuracy

Medium Color Errors

 

sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

   Average 3.9 JNCD

Maximum 8.8 JNCD

 

 

 

 

Excellent Color Accuracy

Small Color Errors

 

sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

   Average 1.3 JNCD

Maximum 2.8 JNCD

 

DCI-P3 Color Gamut

   Average 1.4 JNCD

Maximum 3.3 JNCD

Absolute Color Accuracy is measured with a

Spectroradiometer for 21 Reference Colors

uniformly distributed within the entire Color Gamut.

 

See Figure 2 and Colors and Intensities for details.

 

 

 

 

 

Image Contrast Accuracy

Logarithmic Intensity Scale

 

See Figure 3 and Contrast

 Excellent

Image Contrast Accuracy

Close to Standard

Average Gamma 2.25

Excellent

Image Contrast Accuracy

Close to Standard

Average Gamma 2.16

The Image Contrast Accuracy is determined by

measuring the Log Intensity Scale and Gamma.

 

See Figure 3 and Brightness and Contrast for details.

True Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

Relevant for Low Ambient Light

 1,064

Very Good for Mobile

1,022

Very Good for Mobile

Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

Performance in Ambient Light

Display Brightness

 

Screen Reflectance

 

Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

 

See Brightness and Contrast

See Screen Reflections

 High Display Brightness

415 nits

 

Very Low Reflectance

2.5 percent

 

 

Very High Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

166  Excellent

High Display Brightness

511 nits

 

Very Low Reflectance

1.7 percent

 

 

Very High Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

301  Excellent

Tablets are seldom used in the dark.

Screen Brightness and Reflectance determine

the Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light.

 

See the Brightness and Contrast section for details.

See the Screen Reflections section for details.

 

 

 

 

Overall Display Calibration

Image and Picture Quality

Lab Tests and Viewing Tests

 

 

 Very Good Calibration

 

But White Point is

Somewhat Too Blue

7,355 K

Excellent Calibration

 

But White Point is

Slightly Too Bluish

6,945 K

All iPads and iPhones have a slightly Bluish White.

 

White Point Accuracy is more critical because

it affects the Accuracy of all Low Saturation Colors.

 

 

Overall Display Grade

Overall Assessment

 

 

 

Very Good Display  A–

Medium Size Tablet

 

Innovative Anti-Reflection

 

 

Excellent Display  A

Medium Size Tablet

 

Innovative Anti-Reflection

Two Color Gamuts

Excellent Color Accuracy

The current model iPads all have uniformly Very Good to Excellent Top Tier Display Performance.

 

All current model iPads have an innovative

Anti-Reflection screen coating.

 

 

 iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

Comments

 

Screen Reflections

All display screens are mirrors good enough to use for personal grooming – but that is actually a very bad feature…

We measured the light reflected from all directions and also direct mirror (specular) reflections, which are much more

distracting and cause more eye strain. Many Tablets still have greater than 5 percent reflections that make the

screen much harder to read even in moderate ambient light levels, requiring ever higher brightness settings that waste

precious battery power. Hopefully, manufacturers will reduce the Reflections with anti-reflection coatings and also

the Mirror Reflections matte or haze surface finishes.

 

Our Lab Measurements include Average Reflectance for Ambient Light from All Directions and for Mirror Reflections.

 

All current model iPads have a bonded Cover Glass without an Air Gap.

 

All current model iPads have a very innovative Anti-Reflection screen coating that produces the

Lowest Reflectance that we have ever measured for a Tablet or Smartphone.

 

Categories

   iPad Air 2

 iPad Pro 9.7

Comments

Average Screen Reflection

Light From All Directions

  2.5  percent

Ambient Light Reflections

Very Low

Outstanding

 1.7  percent

Ambient Light Reflections

Very Low

Outstanding – Record Low Reflectance

Measured using an Integrating Hemisphere and

a Spectroradiometer. The best value we have

ever measured for a Tablet is 1.7 percent.

Relative Brightness of the

Reflected Ambient Light

 47 percent more Reflected Light Glare

than the iPad Pro 9.7

Lowest Reflected Light Glare

of any Tablet or Smartphone

Relative Brightness of the Reflected Ambient Light

Expressed as a percentage of the lowest amount.

Mirror Reflections

Percentage of Light Reflected

 2.9  percent

for Mirror Reflections

Very Low

Outstanding

2.8  percent

for Mirror Reflections

Very Low

Outstanding

These are the most annoying types of Reflections.

Measured using a Spectroradiometer and a narrow

collimated pencil beam of light reflected off the screen.

Cover Glass with Display

 Bonded Cover Glass

Laminated Display

Anti-Reflection Coating

Bonded Cover Glass

Laminated Display

Anti-Reflection Coating

The Cover Glass and other optical layers above the

Display have a significant impact on the Reflectance.

 

Brightness and Contrast

The Contrast Ratio is the specification that gets the most attention, but it only applies for low ambient light, which is seldom

the case for mobile displays. Much more important is the Contrast Rating, which indicates how easy it is to read the screen

under high ambient lighting and depends on both the Maximum Brightness and the Screen Reflectance. The larger the better.

 

The iPad Pro 9.7 has the Highest Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light that we have ever measured as the result of its Low Reflectance.

The display’s actual Contrast Ratio changes with the Ambient Light lux level and is proportional to the Contrast Rating.

 

Categories

 iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

Comments

Measured Full Brightness

100% Full Screen White

 Brightness 415 cd/m2

Very Good

Brightness 511 cd/m2

for sRGB/Rec.709 and for DCI-P3

Excellent

This is the Brightness for a screen that is entirely

all white with 100% Average Picture Level.

Measured Peak Brightness

1% Full Screen White

 Brightness 415 cd/m2

Very Good

Brightness 511 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Peak Brightness for a screen that

has only a tiny 1% Average Picture Level.

Measured Auto Brightness

in High Ambient Light

with Automatic Brightness On

 Max Auto Brightness

415 cd/m2

Very Good

Max Auto Brightness

511 cd/m2

Excellent

Some displays have a higher Maximum Brightness

in Automatic Brightness Mode.

 

Low Ambient Light

Lowest Peak Brightness

Brightness Slider to Minimum

 5 cd/m2

Very Good for Low Light

3 cd/m2

Very Good for Low Light

The Lowest Brightness with the Slider set to Minimum. This is useful for working in very dark environments.

True Black Brightness at 0 lux

at Maximum Brightness Setting

 0.39 cd/m2

Very Good for Mobile

0.50 cd/m2

Very Good for Mobile

Black brightness is important for low ambient light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

True Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

Relevant for Low Ambient Light

 1,064

Very Good for Mobile

1,022

Very Good for Mobile

Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

 

High Ambient Light

Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

 

The Higher the Better

for Screen Readability

in High Ambient Light

 166

Excellent

 

166

With Auto Brightness

Excellent

301

Excellent

 

301

With Auto Brightness

Excellent

Depends on the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.

Defined: Maximum Brightness / Average Reflectance.

 

The display’s actual Contrast Ratio changes with

the Ambient Light lux level and is proportional to

the Contrast Rating.

Screen Readability

in High Ambient Light

 Excellent  A

 

Excellent  A

With Auto Brightness

Excellent  A+

 

Excellent  A+

With Auto Brightness

Indicates how easy it is to read the screen

under high ambient lighting. Depends on

both the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.

See High Ambient Light Screen Shots

 

Colors and Intensities

 

Figure 1

Color Gamuts

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 2

Color Accuracy

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 3

Intensity Scale

Click to Enlarge

 

The Color Gamut, Intensity Scale, and White Point determine the quality and accuracy of all displayed images and all

the image colors. Bigger is definitely Not Better because the display needs to match all the standards that were used

when the content was produced. For LCDs a wider Color Gamut reduces the power efficiency and the Intensity Scale

affects both image brightness and color mixture accuracy.

 

All of the iPads continue with Slightly Bluish White Points. The White Point Accuracy is more critical because

it affects all of the low saturation colors and also white is more noticeable because it often fills the screen.

 

A Bluish White Point results in somewhat higher Absolute Color Errors.

Since the iPad Pro 9.7 has Excellent Overall Color Accuracy, the small White Point Error is a major contributing factor.

 

Categories

 iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

Comments

Color of White

Color Temperature in degrees

See Figure 2 for JNCD

 

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

For the Plotted White Points

See Figure 1

 7,355 K

2.4 JNCD from D65 White

 

White is Somewhat Bluish

 

See Figure 1

 

See Figure 2 for JNCD

6,945 K

1.2 JNCD from D65 White

 

White is Slightly Too Bluish

 

See Figure 1

 

See Figure 2 for JNCD

D65 with 6,500 K is the standard color of White

for most Consumer Content and needed for

accurate color reproduction of all images.

 

White Point Accuracy is more critical because

it affects the Accuracy of all Low Saturation Colors.

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Gamut

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

See Figure 1

 107 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

Fairly Close to Standard

 

See Figure 1

103 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

Very Close to Standard

 

See Figure 1

sRGB / Rec.709 is the color standard for most

content and needed for accurate color reproduction.

 

See Figure 1

 

102 percent

DCI-P3 Color Gamut

Very Close to Standard

 

See Figure 1

DCI-P3 is a 26% larger Color Gamut that is

used in 4K UHD TVs and in Digital Cinema.

 

See Figure 1

 

Color Accuracy

Absolute Color Accuracy

Average Color Error at 0 lux

 

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2

 Average Color Error

 

From sRGB / Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0155

 3.9 JNCD

Good Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Average Color Error

 

From sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0054

 1.3 JNCD

Excellent Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

 

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD and for

Accuracy Plots showing the measured Color Errors.

 

Average Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Average Errors 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Average Errors above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average Color Error

 

From DCI-P3 Color Gamut

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0057

 1.4 JNCD

Excellent Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

 

Absolute Color Accuracy

Largest Color Error at 0 lux

 

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2

 Largest Color Error

 

From sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0350

8.8 JNCD for Magenta

Good Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

Largest Color Error

 

From sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0110

2.8 JNCD for Blue–Magenta

Excellent Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

 

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD and for

Accuracy Plots showing the measured Color Errors.

 

Largest Errors below   7.0 JNCD are Very Good.

Largest Errors 7.0 to 14.0 JNCD are Good.

Largest Errors above 14.0 JNCD are Poor.

This is twice the limit for the Average Error.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Largest Color Error

 

From DCI-P3 Color Gamut

Δ(u’v’) = 0.00131

 3.3 JNCD for Blue–Magenta

Excellent Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

 

 

Intensity Scale

Dynamic Brightness

Luminance Decrease with

Average Picture Level APL

0 percent Decrease

Excellent

0 percent Decrease

Excellent

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

Logarithmic Intensity Scale

and Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

The Intensity Scale controls image contrast needed

for accurate Image Contrast and Color reproduction.

See Figure 3

Gamma for the Intensity Scale

Larger has more Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

Average 2.25

Excellent

Very Close to Standard

 Average 2.16

Excellent

Very Close to Standard

Gamma is the log slope of the Intensity Scale.

Gamma of 2.20 is the standard and needed for

accurate Image Contrast and Color reproduction.

See Figure 3

Image Contrast Accuracy

 Excellent

Excellent

See Figure 3

 

Viewing Angles

The variation of Brightness, Contrast, and Color with Viewing Angle is especially important for Tablets because

of their larger screen and multiple viewers. The typical manufacturer 176+ degree specification for LCD Viewing Angle

is nonsense because that is where the Contrast Ratio falls to a miniscule 10. For most LCDs there are substantial

degradations at less than ±30 degrees, which is not an atypical Viewing Angle for Tablets and Smartphones.

 

Note that the Viewing Angle performance is also very important for a single viewer because the Viewing Angle can vary

significantly based on how the Tablet is held. The Viewing Angle can be very large if resting on a table or desk.

 

Categories

 iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

Comments

Brightness Decrease

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

–62 percent Portrait

     –58 percent Landscape

Very Large Decrease

Typical for all LCDs

–47 percent Portrait

      –55 percent Landscape

Very Large Decrease

Typical for all LCDs

Most screens become less bright when tilted.

 

LCD decrease is generally greater than 50 percent.

Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

     650 Portrait

         500 Landscape

Very Good for Mobile

  696 Portrait

       629 Landscape

Very Good for Mobile

A measure of screen readability when the screen

is tilted under low ambient lighting.

 

White Point Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

   Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0033

0.8 JNCD Excellent

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0028

0.7 JNCD Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Same Rating Scale as Absolute Color Accuracy.

Primary Color Shifts

Largest Color Shift for R,G,B

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

 Small Color Shift

Largest Δ(u’v’) = 0.0053

 for Blue

 1.3 JNCD Excellent

Small Color Shift

Largest Δ(u’v’) = 0.0055

 for Blue

 1.4 JNCD Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Same Rating Scale as Absolute Color Accuracy.

 

Color Shifts for Color Mixtures

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Reference Brown (255, 128, 0)

   Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0097

2.4 JNCD Very Good

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0077

1.9 JNCD Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

Color Shifts for non-IPS LCDs are about 10 JNCD.

 

Reference Brown is a good indicator of color shifts

with angle because of unequal drive levels and

roughly equal luminance contributions from Red

and Green. See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

 

 

 

Figure 4

Display Spectra

Click to Enlarge

 

 

Display Power Consumption

The display power was measured using a Linear Regression between Luminance and AC Power with a fully charged battery.

 

Below we compare the Relative Display Power Efficiencies of the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7.

The Power Efficiency values are also scaled to the same screen brightness (Luminance) to compare their Relative Power Efficiencies.

 

The iPad Pro 9.7 has a wider native DCI-P3 Color Gamut, which is less power efficient than the narrower sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut of the Air 2. However, the iPad Pro 9.7 has a Metal Oxide Backplane, which increases the light throughput and further improves its Power Efficiency.

The iPad Pro 9.7 display also uses a lower refresh rate when the images remain static (like during our power measurements).

These effects all counter-balance one another, so the iPad Air 2 and iPad Pro 9.7 have the same overall Power Efficiency.

 

Categories

 iPad Air 2

iPad Pro 9.7

Comments

Maximum Display Power

Full White Screen

at Maximum Brightness

 

  5.1 watts

 

415 cd/m2

45.1 inch2 Screen Area

 6.3 watts

 

511 cd/m2

45.1 inch2 Screen Area

This measures the display power for a screen that

is entirely at Peak White for Maximum Brightness.

 

 

Relative Power Efficiency

Compared to the iPad Pro 9.7

Same Luminance 511 cd/m2

Same 45.1 inch screen area

   Relative Power 100%

Relative Efficiency 100%

 

6.3 watts

Relative Power 100%

Relative Efficiency 100%

 

6.3 watts

This compares the Maximum Power Efficiency

by scaling to the same screen brightness and

same screen area.

 


 

About the Author

Dr. Raymond Soneira is President of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire, which produces display calibration, evaluation, and diagnostic products for consumers, technicians, and manufacturers. See www.displaymate.com. He is a research scientist with a career that spans physics, computer science, and television system design. Dr. Soneira obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from Princeton University, spent 5 years as a Long-Term Member of the world famous Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, another 5 years as a Principal Investigator in the Computer Systems Research Laboratory at AT&T Bell Laboratories, and has also designed, tested, and installed color television broadcast equipment for the CBS Television Network Engineering and Development Department. He has authored over 35 research articles in scientific journals in physics and computer science, including Scientific American. If you have any comments or questions about the article, you can contact him at dtso.info@displaymate.com.

 

DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology

All Tablet and Smartphone displays can be significantly improved using DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration, and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production quality control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the benefits of our DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.

 

About DisplayMate Technologies

DisplayMate Technologies specializes in proprietary advanced scientific display calibration and mathematical display optimization to deliver unsurpassed objective performance, picture quality and accuracy for all types of displays including video and computer monitors, projectors, HDTVs, mobile displays such as Tablets and Smartphones, and all display technologies including LCD, LCD, 3D, LED, LCoS, Plasma, DLP and CRT. This article is a lite version of our intensive scientific analysis of Tablet and Smartphone mobile displays – before the benefits of our advanced mathematical DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve many of the display deficiencies. We offer DisplayMate display calibration software for consumers and advanced DisplayMate display diagnostic and calibration software for technicians and test labs.

 

For manufacturers we offer Consulting Services that include advanced Lab testing and evaluations, confidential Shoot-Outs with competing products, calibration and optimization for displays, cameras and their User Interface, plus on-site and factory visits. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, and production quality control so they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our Display Technology Shoot-Out series. See our world renown Display Technology Shoot-Out public article series for an introduction and preview. DisplayMate’s advanced scientific optimizations can make lower cost panels look as good or better than more expensive higher performance displays. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to turn your display into a spectacular one to surpass your competition then Contact DisplayMate Technologies to learn more.

 

 

Article Links:  Apple iPad Pro 12.9 and iPad mini 4 Display Shoot-Out

Article Links:  Microsoft Surface Pro 4 Display Technology Shoot-Out

Article Links:  Samsung OLED Tab S Display Technology Shoot-Out

 

Article Links:  Mobile Display Shoot-Out Article Series Overview and Home Page

Article Links:  Display Technology Shoot-Out Article Series Overview and Home Page

 

 

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