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iPad 2014 Display Technology Shoot-Out

iPad mini 3 and iPad Air 2 with the iPad Air

 

Dr. Raymond M. Soneira

President, DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 

Copyright © 1990-2014 by DisplayMate Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

This article, or any part thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated

into any other work without the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 

 

iPad mini 3

iPad Air 2

 

Introduction

A key element for a great Tablet has always been a truly innovative and top performing display, and the best leading edge Tablets have always flaunted their beautiful high tech displays.

 

Apple iPads (and iPhones) were up until recently at the leading edge of mobile displays: they were early adopters of high performance IPS LCDs, the full 100 percent sRGB Color Gamut, and full 24-bit color, all of which dramatically improve image and picture quality and display performance. Steve Jobs and Apple also made display-quality a central theme for their product marketing.

 

iPad 3:  Their most famous and aggressive innovation came with the introduction of the Retina display in 2010 for the iPhone 4, where Apple doubled the pixel resolution and Pixels Per Inch (ppi) up to where the screen appeared perfectly sharp for normal 20/20 Vision at typical Tablet viewing distances of 10.5 inches or more. In March 2012 the iPad 3 got its first Retina display, plus a full 100 percent sRGB Color Gamut, which significantly improved color saturation and color accuracy. Up until that time almost all LCD Tablets and Smartphones had 55-65 percent Color Gamuts, which produced washed out, under saturated and distorted colors, so that red tomatoes, fire trucks, and Coke cans looked a bit orange rather than deep red, for example. In my 2012 iPad Display Shoot-Out I stated “with some minor calibration tweaks this new iPad would qualify as a studio reference monitor” and was “most likely better and more accurate than any display you own.” These were brilliant technical and marketing innovations, and the competition was left in the dust…

 

iPad 4, iPad Air:  But then iPad display innovation slowed almost to a crawl: in November 2012 the iPad 4 simply updated the hot, heavy and power hungry iPad 3 display and battery into a nicer package. In November 2013 the original iPad Air display was essentially unchanged and identical in performance to the iPad 4 introduced in November 2012. It’s now 2½ years after the introduction of the innovative iPad 3. What happened next?

 

Competition:  While Apple display innovation slowed, many other manufacturers just steadily pushed ahead to take the lead. So recently Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Samsung have been launching Tablets with the best and most innovative displays, as documented in our Display Technology Shoot-Out article series and discussed below.

 

iPad mini, iPad mini with Retina display, iPad mini 3:  Originally spurned, then introduced (in haste) in 2012, the original iPad mini was a smaller version of the older 2011 iPad 2 with a 1024x768 resolution display and a reduced 62 percent Color Gamut, when the full size iPads already had a 2048x1536 Retina display with a 100 percent Color Gamut. In 2013 the mini was given a Retina display, but remained with a reduced 62 percent Color Gamut – the only current iPad or iPhone without a full Color Gamut. We’ll examine in detail how much the iPad mini 3 has improved, if at all…

 

iPad Air 2:  Now in October 2014, 2½ years after the introduction of the innovative iPad 3, it’s nice to see Apple once again announcing a significantly enhanced display for the iPad Air 2. But there are now over two years of catching up to do, and there are many display performance issues to consider. We’ll examine how the iPad Air 2 display has improved and compare to it to the competition.

 

We’ll cover these issues and much more, with in-depth comprehensive display tests, measurements and analysis that you will find nowhere else.

 

The Display Shoot-Out

To examine the performance of the new iPad mini 3 and iPad Air 2 displays we ran our in-depth series of Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out Lab tests and measurements in order to determine how these latest LCD Tablet displays have improved. We take display quality very seriously and provide in-depth objective analysis based on detailed laboratory tests and measurements and extensive viewing tests with both test patterns, test images and test photos. To see how far mobile displays have progressed in just four years see our 2010 Smartphone Display Shoot-Out, and for a real history lesson see our original 2006 Smartphone Display Shoot-Out.

 

Results Highlights

In this Results section we provide Highlights of the comprehensive DisplayMate Lab tests and measurements and extensive visual comparisons using test photos, test images, and test patterns that are covered in the advanced sections. The main Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table summarizes the iPad mini 3 and iPad Air 2 Lab measurements in the following categories:  Screen ReflectionsBrightness and ContrastColors and IntensitiesViewing AnglesLCD SpectraDisplay Power. You can also skip these Highlights and go directly to the iPad Conclusions.

 

Reducing Screen Reflections

A major innovation for the iPad Air 2 (that is not fully appreciated) is an anti-reflection coating on the cover glass that reduces ambient light reflections by about 3:1 over most other Tablets and Smartphones (including the previous iPads), and about 2:1 over all of the very best competing Tablets and Smartphones (including the new iPhone 6). We measured a 62 percent decrease in reflected light glare compared to the previous iPads (Apple claims 56 percent) and agree with Apple’s claim that the iPad Air 2 is “the least reflective display of any Tablet in the world” – both are in fact understatements. While everyone has been in situations where it is difficult or even impossible to see the screen in very bright ambient lighting, where this obviously helps, it turns out that even in moderate indoor lighting the image contrast and colors are being noticeably washed out from reflections as well. For example, the Color Gamut is typically reduced by 20 percent even at only 500 lux indoor lighting. To visually compare the difference for yourself, hold two Tablets or Smartphones side-by-side and turn off the displays so you just see the reflections. The iPad Air 2 is dramatically darker than any other existing Tablet or Smartphone. Those reflections are still there when you turn them on, and the brighter the ambient light the brighter the reflections. It’s a major innovation and a big deal with visually obvious benefits!!

 

The iPad Air 2 is the first iPad with an optically bonded cover glass – all previous iPad models had high reflectance air gaps under the cover glass – but they are simply catching up because almost all other leading Tablets have had a bonded cover glass without an air gap for years. One minor but noticeable issue is that the screen Reflectance spectrum is heavily weighted towards blue, which is may be noticeable for dark images or in bright ambient light. See the Spectrum Figure and Screen Reflections section for measurements and details.

 

iPad Display Evolution

Other than the new anti-reflection coating and bonded cover glass, the display on the iPad Air 2 is essentially unchanged and identical in performance to the iPad 4 introduced in 2012, and is actually slightly lower in performance than the original iPad Air (for example 8% lower Brightness and 16% lower display Power Efficiency) – most likely the result of an obsession with producing a thinner Tablet forcing compromises in the LCD backlight. Similarly, the display on the iPad mini 3 is essentially unchanged and identical in performance to the iPad mini Retina Display introduced in 2013.

 

Color Gamut and Absolute Color Accuracy

In order to deliver accurate image colors, a display needs a 100 percent sRGB / Rec.709 Standard Color Gamut that is used in virtually all current consumer content for digital cameras, HDTVs, the internet, and computers, including photos, videos, and movies. We measured a slightly large 107 percent Color Gamut for the iPad Air 2 and a rather small 62 percent Color Gamut for the iPad mini 3, both almost identical with previous iPad models. See this Figure for the measured Color Gamuts.

 

In order to produce high Absolute Color Accuracy a display also needs an accurate (pure logarithmic power-law) Intensity Scale, and an accurate White Point. The new iPads both have very accurate Intensity Scales with Gammas very close to the 2.2 standard, however, they both have a Slightly Bluish White Point, with Color Temperatures of 7,086K to 7,355K, which is still (marginally) Very Good.

 

In our detailed Lab tests the measured Absolute Color Accuracy for the for the iPad Air is 3.8 JNCD, which falls into our Good (rather than Very Good) Color Accuracy rating. On the other hand, for the iPad mini 3, the much smaller 62 percent Color Gamut resulted in a much higher error of 6.8 JNCD going up as high as 22.6 JNCD, which resulted in a Good to Poor Absolute Color Accuracy rating.

 

See this Figure for an explanation and visual definition of JNCD and the Color Accuracy Plots showing the measured display Color Errors.. See the Color Accuracy section and the Color Accuracy Plots for measurements and details.

 

Screen Brightness and Performance in High Ambient Lighting

Mobile displays are often used under relatively bright ambient light, which washes out the image colors and contrast, reducing picture quality and making it harder to view or read the screen. To be usable in high ambient light a display needs a dual combination of high screen Brightness and low screen Reflectance – the iPad Air 2 has both. The screen Reflectance for the iPad Air 2 is 2.5 percent, by far the lowest value that we have ever measured due to an anti-reflection screen coating and optically bonded cover glass without an air gap.

 

Our Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light quantitatively measures screen visibility under bright Ambient Light – the higher the better. As a result of its high Brightness and very low Reflectance, the iPad Air 2 has a Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light of 166, the highest that we have ever measured.

 

On the other hand, the iPad mini 3 lacks the anti-reflection coating and has an air gap beneath the cover glass, which results in a moderately high screen Reflectance of 6.5 percent, almost triple that of iPad Air 2, so its Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light is 61, which further washes out its image colors in ambient light…

 

See the Brightness and Contrast, the High Ambient Light and the Screen Reflections sections for measurements and details.

 

Display Power Efficiency

The iPad Air 2 has 16% lower display Power Efficiency than the (original) iPad Air – most likely the result of an obsession with producing a thinner Tablet forcing compromises in the LCD backlight. Other LCD Tablets have much higher display power efficiency. For example, the Kindle Fire HDX 8.9 (with a Low Temperature Poly Silicon IPS LCD) is 27 percent more power efficient than the iPad Air 2 for the same Luminance and screen area. See the Display Power section for measurements and details.

 

Viewing Angle Performance

While Tablets are primarily single viewer devices, the variation in display performance with viewing angle is still very important because single viewers frequently hold the display at a variety of viewing angles. The angle is often up to 30 degrees, more if it is resting on a table or desk.

 

The iPads all have IPS LCD displays, so we expected them to show very small color shifts with Viewing Angle, and our lab measurements confirmed their excellent Viewing Angle performance, with no visually noticeable color shifts. However, all LCDs, do have a strong decrease in Brightness (Luminance) with Viewing Angle, and the iPads all showed (as expected) about a 60 percent decrease in Brightness at a modest 30 degree viewing angle. Note that the iPads do not perform as well with viewing angle as the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, which have higher performance Dual Domain pixels and Improved Polarizers. See the Viewing Angles section for measurements and details.

 

Viewing Tests

The iPad Air 2 provides very nice, pleasing and fairly accurate colors and picture quality. Although its White Point is (intentionally) slightly too Blue, the Absolute Color Accuracy is mostly Very Good except in the Blue to Magenta regions, which decrease its overall Color Accuracy rating. None-the-less, the very challenging set of DisplayMate Test and Calibration Photos that we use to evaluate picture quality looked Beautiful, even to my experienced hyper-critical eyes.

 

On the other hand, for the iPad mini 3, the much smaller 62 percent Color Gamut produced visibly washed out, under saturated and distorted colors, so that red tomatoes, fire trucks, and Coke cans looked a bit orange rather than deep red, for example. See Figure 1 and Figure 2 and the Colors and Intensities section for quantitative details.

 

 

Figure 1

Color Gamuts

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 2

Color Accuracy

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 3

Intensity Scale

Click to Enlarge

 

 

iPad Air 2 and iPad mini 3 Conclusions:   One Major Innovation and One Major Disappointment…

The primary goal of this Display Technology Shoot-Out article series has always been to point out which manufactures and display technologies are leading and advancing the state-of-the-art of displays by performing comprehensive and objective Lab tests and measurements together with in-depth analysis. We point out who is leading, who is behind, who is improving, and sometimes (unfortunately) who is back pedaling… all based solely on the extensive objective measurements that we also publish, so that everyone can judge the data for themselves as well… See the main Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table for all of the measurements and details.

 

iPad Air 2:  A Very Good Display with a Major Innovation

A major innovation for the iPad Air 2 (that is not fully appreciated) is an anti-reflection coating on the cover glass that reduces ambient light reflections by about 3:1 over most other Tablets and Smartphones (including the previous iPads), and about 2:1 over all of the very best competing Tablets and Smartphones (including the new iPhone 6). We measured a 62 percent decrease in reflected light glare compared to the previous iPads (Apple claims 56 percent) and agree with Apple’s claim that the iPad Air 2 is “the least reflective display of any Tablet in the world” – both are in fact understatements. While everyone has been in situations where it is difficult or even impossible to see the screen in very bright ambient lighting, where this obviously helps, it turns out that even in moderate indoor lighting the image contrast and colors are being noticeably washed out from reflections as well. For example, the Color Gamut is typically reduced by 20 percent even at only 500 lux indoor lighting. To visually compare the difference for yourself, hold two Tablets or Smartphones side-by-side and turn off the displays so you just see the reflections. The iPad Air 2 is dramatically darker than any other existing Tablet or Smartphone. Those reflections are still there when you turn them on, and the brighter the ambient light the brighter the reflections. It’s a major innovation and a big deal with visually obvious benefits!!

 

The iPad Air 2 is the first iPad with an optically bonded cover glass – all previous iPad models had high reflectance air gaps under the cover glass – but they are simply catching up because almost all other leading Tablets have had a bonded cover glass without an air gap for years. One minor but noticeable issue is that the screen Reflectance spectrum is heavily weighted towards blue, which is may be noticeable for dark images or in bright ambient light. See the Spectrum Figure and Screen Reflections section for measurements and details.

 

However, other than the new anti-reflection coating and bonded cover glass, the display on the iPad Air 2 is essentially unchanged and identical in performance to the iPad 4 introduced in 2012, and is actually slightly lower in performance than the original iPad Air (for example 8% lower Brightness and 16% lower display Power Efficiency) – most likely the result of an obsession with producing a thinner Tablet forcing compromises in the LCD backlight.

 

Much more significant is that the iPad Air 2 does Not have the same high performance display technology enhancements that we measured for the new iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, which we rated the best performing Smartphone LCD Display that we have ever tested. While the iPad Air 2 has an all around Very Good Top Tier display, and most buyers will be happy with its performance, the displays on the Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Samsung Tablets that we have tested (see below) have better display performance in Absolute Color Accuracy, Brightness, Contrast Ratio, Viewing Angle, and Power Efficiency. However, the iPad Air 2 matches or breaks new records in Tablet (and Smartphone) display performance for: the most accurate (pure logarithmic power-law) Intensity Scale and Gamma, most accurate Image Contrast, (by far) the Lowest Screen Reflectance, and the Highest Contrast Rating for Ambient Light. See the main Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table for all of the measurements and details.

 

Hopefully, Apple (and other manufacturers) will apply the same (or similar) anti-reflection coatings that are on the iPad Air 2, and the same or similar display technology enhancements on the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus to all of their displays. As we discuss below, the most important future advancements for displays will come with the implementation of very wide Color Gamuts with Color Management that will dynamically compensate for the loss of color saturation in ambient light. For LCDs that will requite Quantum Dots…

 

iPad mini 3:  A Major Disappointment

The iPad mini can only be described as the perpetual Runt of the litter… Originally spurned, then introduced (in haste) in 2012, it was a mini version of the older 2011 iPad 2 with a 1024x768 resolution display and a reduced 62 percent Color Gamut, when the full size iPads already had a 2048x1536 Retina display with a 100 percent Color Gamut. In 2013 the mini was given a Retina display, but remained with a reduced 62 percent Color Gamut – the only current iPad or iPhone without a full Color Gamut. Now, in 2014 the new iPad mini 3 still only has a 62 percent Color Gamut, plus it was denied the new enhanced anti-reflection coating and bonded cover glass of the iPad Air 2. So in addition to washed out, under saturated and distorted colors (red tomatoes, fire trucks, and Coke cans look a bit orange rather than deep red, for example) it continues with a moderately high screen Reflectance of 6.5 percent, almost triple that of its favored littermate, which further washes out its image colors in ambient light…

 

The mini size Tablets from other manufacturers like Amazon, Google, and Samsung that we have tested (see below) have excellent and significantly better mini displays. On top of that Apple charges a premium $399 for the mini 3, just $100 less than the much larger and higher performance iPad Air 2, and considerably more than other competing mini Tablets. For a company like Apple that prides itself on producing great products, the iPad mini 3 is embarrassingly mediocre and way overpriced…

 

Comparing the iPad mini 3 and iPad Air 2 with other Tablets

You can compare the iPad mini 3 and iPad Air 2 display performance with other Tablets in detail by using a tabbed web browser with our comprehensive Lab measurements and analysis for each of the displays. Click on each Link below. The entries are mostly identical with only minor formatting differences, so it’s easy to make detailed comparisons.

iPad mini 3 and iPad Air 2 Lab Measurements Comparison Table

Samsung OLED Tab S Lab Measurements Comparison Table

Microsoft Surface Pro 3 Lab Measurements Comparison Table

2013 Flagship Tablets Lab Measurements Comparison Table

2013 Mini Tablets Lab Measurements Comparison Table

 

The Best Tablet Display

While the iPad Air 2 has an all around Very Good Top Tier display, the displays on the Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Samsung Tablets that we have tested have better overall display performance as discussed above. We recently gave the Samsung Galaxy Tab S our overall Best Tablet Display award, and for the time being that continues for all of the reasons originally mentioned there. In particular, for implementing Color Management to provide multiple Color Gamuts, and then using the Color Management to provide the Highest Absolute Color Accuracy for Standard (sRGB/Rec.709) consumer content of any Tablet display that we have ever measured (in one of its four available screen modes, which many reviewers seem to overlook). As we discuss next, dynamic Color Management is something that every display will need to provide in the future.

 

With display technology advancing rapidly on many different fronts, things can change again in the next generation of displays – so best wishes to all of the manufacturers and technologies in innovating and developing the next generation of even higher-performance displays!

 

The Next Generation of Best Mobile Displays

The best performing LCD and OLED displays are now delivering impressive sharpness, brightness, low reflectance, high color accuracy, accurate image contrast, and great viewing angles. So what comes next? Essentially all published display specifications and factory calibrations are based on performance in absolute darkness 0 lux, but mobile displays (and even TVs) are seldom viewed in the dark. Even low levels of ambient light significantly affect the image and picture quality. For example, the 100 percent sRGB Color Gamut specified by many manufacturers only applies at 0 lux. At 500 lux, which corresponds to typical indoor office lighting, the on-screen colors are washed out by the reflected ambient light, typically reducing the on-screen Color Gamut from 100 percent down to 80 percent, plus the image contrast is also significantly affected. And it gets worse as the ambient light levels increase. So here is what needs to come next…

 

The most important improvements for both LCD and OLED mobile displays will come from improving their image and picture quality and screen readability in ambient light, which washes out the screen images, resulting in reduced image contrast, color saturation, and color accuracy. The key will be in implementing automatic real-time modification of the display’s Color Gamut and Intensity Scales based the measured Ambient Light level in order to have them compensate for the reflected light glare and image wash out from ambient light as discussed in our 2014 Innovative Displays and Display Technology and SID Display Technology Shoot-Out articles. LCDs will need Quantum Dots in order to implement the necessary wide Color Gamuts. The displays, technologies, and manufacturers that succeed in implementing this new high ambient light performance strategy will take the lead in the next generations of mobile displays… Follow DisplayMate on Twitter to learn about these developments and our upcoming display technology coverage.

 

DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology

All Tablet and Smartphone displays can be significantly improved using DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration, and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production quality control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the benefits of our DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.

iPad mini 3

iPad Air 2

 

 

Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table

Below we examine in-depth the LCD displays on the Apple iPad mini 3 and iPad Air 2 based on objective Lab measurement data and criteria. For comparisons and additional background information refer to these comparable Tablet displays:  Samsung OLED Tab S Display Technology Shoot-OutMicrosoft Surface Pro 3 Display Technology Shoot-Out2013 Flagship Tablet Display Technology Shoot-Out,  and 2013 Mini Tablet Display Technology Shoot-Out. For comparisons with the other leading Tablet, Smartphone, and Smart Watch displays see our Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out series.

 

Categories

 iPad mini 3

 iPad Air

iPad Air 2

Comments

Display Technology

  7.9 inch Diagonal

IPS LCD

  9.7 inch Diagonal

IPS LCD

  9.7 inch Diagonal

IPS LCD

Liquid Crystal Display

In Plane Switching

Screen Shape

  4:3 = 1.33

Aspect Ratio

  4:3 = 1.33

Aspect Ratio

  4:3 = 1.33

Aspect Ratio

The iPads have the same shape as 8.5x11 paper.

Screen Size

6.3 x 4.7 inches

7.8 x 5.8 inches

7.8 x 5.8 inches

Display Width and Height in inches.

Screen Area

29.6 Square Inches

45.2 Square Inches

45.2 Square Inches

A better measure of size than the diagonal length.

Relative Screen Area

66 percent

100 percent

100 percent

Relative screen areas compared to the iPad Air.

Display Resolution

2048 x 1536 pixels

Full High Definition+

Very Good

2048 x 1536 pixels

Full High Definition+

Very Good

2048 x 1536 pixels

Full High Definition+

Very Good

Screen Pixel Resolution.

Total Number of Pixels

  3.1 Mega Pixels

Very Good

3.1 Mega Pixels

Very Good

   3.1 Mega Pixels

Very Good

Total Number of Pixels.

Pixels Per Inch

 326 PPI

Very Good

264 PPI

Very Good

  264 PPI

Very Good

Sharpness depends on the viewing distance and PPI.

See this on the visual acuity for a true Retina Display

20/20 Vision Distance

where Pixels or Sub-Pixels

are Not Resolved

      10.5 inches

with 20/20 Vision

     13.0 inches

with 20/20 Vision

      13.0 inches

with 20/20 Vision

For 20/20 Vision the minimum Viewing Distance

where the screen appears perfectly sharp to the eye.

At 14 inches from the screen 20/20 Vision is 246 PPI.

Display Sharpness

at Typical Viewing Distances

 Display normally appears Perfectly Sharp

 

Pixels are not Resolved with 20/20 Vision

 Display normally appears

Perfectly Sharp

 

Pixels are not Resolved

with 20/20 Vision

Display normally appears

Perfectly Sharp

 

Pixels are not Resolved with 20/20 Vision

The Typical Viewing Distances for these

screen sizes are 12 inches or more for the iPad mini

and 14 inches or more for the iPad Air.

 

 

Appears Perfectly Sharp

at Typical Viewing Distances

 Yes

 Yes

 Yes

Typical Viewing Distances are 12 inches or more for

the iPad mini and 14 inches or more for the iPad Air.

Photo Viewer Color Depth

 Full 24-bit Color

No Dithering Visible

256 Intensity Levels

 Full 24-bit Color

No Dithering Visible

256 Intensity Levels

 Full 24-bit Color

No Dithering Visible

256 Intensity Levels

Many Android Tablets still have some

form of 16-bit color depth in the Gallery Viewer.

The iPads do not have this issue.

 

Overall Assessments

This section summarizes the results for all of the extensive Lab Measurements and Viewing Tests performed on the display

See  Screen ReflectionsBrightness and ContrastColors and IntensitiesViewing AnglesLCD SpectraDisplay Power.

 

Categories

iPad mini 3

iPad Air

iPad Air 2

Comments

Viewing Tests

in Subdued Ambient Lighting

 

Good Images

Photos and Videos

have Good Color

and Accurate Contrast

Very Good Images

Photos and Videos

have Very Good Color

and Accurate Contrast

Very Good Images

Photos and Videos

have Very Good Color

and Accurate Contrast

The Viewing Tests examine the accuracy of

photographic images by comparing the displays

to an calibrated studio monitor and HDTV.

 

Variation with Viewing Angle

Colors and Brightness

 

See Viewing Angles

Small Color Shifts

with Viewing Angle

 

Large Brightness Shift

with Viewing Angle

Typical for all LCDs

Small Color Shifts

with Viewing Angle

 

Large Brightness Shift

with Viewing Angle

Typical for all LCDs

Small Color Shifts

with Viewing Angle

 

Large Brightness Shift

with Viewing Angle

Typical for all LCDs

The iPad displays all have a relatively large

decrease in Brightness with Viewing Angle and

relatively small Color Shifts with Viewing Angle.

 

See the Viewing Angles section for details.

Overall Display Assessment

Lab Tests and Measurements

Good LCD Display

Small Color Gamut

Very Good LCD Display

Very Good LCD Display

The iPad Air displays both performed

very well in the Lab Tests and Measurements.

 

Color Gamut

62 percent

sRGB / Rec.709

108 percent

sRGB / Rec.709

107 percent

sRGB / Rec.709

sRGB / Rec.709 is the color standard for most

content and needed for accurate color reproduction.

Absolute Color Accuracy

Measured over Entire Gamut

 

See Figure 2 and Colors

Poor

Absolute Color Accuracy

Large Color Errors

6.8 up to 22.6 JNCD

 

Very Good

Absolute Color Accuracy

Small Color Errors

3.2 JNCD

 

Good

Absolute Color Accuracy

Medium Color Errors

3.9 JNCD

 

Absolute Color Accuracy is measured with a

Spectroradiometer for 21 Reference Colors

uniformly distributed within the entire Color Gamut.

 

See Figure 2 and Colors and Intensities for details.

Image Contrast Accuracy

 

See Figure 3 and Contrast

Excellent

Image Contrast Accuracy

Close to Standard

Gamma 2.21

Excellent

Image Contrast Accuracy

Close to Standard

Gamma 2.23

Excellent

Image Contrast Accuracy

Close to Standard

Gamma 2.25

The Image Contrast Accuracy is determined by

measuring the Log Intensity Scale and Gamma.

 

See Figure 3 and Brightness and Contrast for details.

Performance in Ambient Light

Display Brightness

Screen Reflectance

Contrast Rating

 

See Brightness and Contrast

See Screen Reflections

High Display Brightness

394 nits

Medium Reflectance

6.5 percent

 

Medium Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

61  Good

High Display Brightness

449 nits

Medium Reflectance

6.5 percent

 

Medium Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

69  Good

High Display Brightness

415 nits

Very Low Reflectance

2.5 percent

 

Very High Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

166  Excellent

Tablets are seldom used in the dark.

Screen Brightness and Reflectance determine

the Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light.

 

See the Brightness and Contrast section for details.

See the Screen Reflections section for details.

 

Overall Display Calibration

Image and Picture Quality

Lab Tests and Viewing Tests

Good Calibration

White Point

Slightly Too Blue

7,086 K

Very Good Calibration

White Point

Slightly Too Blue

7,041 K

Very Good Calibration

White Point

Somewhat Too Blue

7,355 K

All of the iPads have a slightly Bluish White.

Some people prefer that but it does affect all of

the Low Saturation Colors.

 

Overall Display Grade

Overall Assessment

 

 

Good Display  B

 

Small Color Gamut

Very Good Display  A–

 

Same as the iPad 4

Very Good Display  A–

 

Innovative Anti-Reflection

The iPad Air Displays have Very Good all around

Top Tier Display Performance. The iPad Air 2 has

a very Innovative Anti-Reflection screen coating.

The iPad mini 3 has a poor Small Color Gamut.

 

iPad mini 3

iPad Air

iPad Air 2

Comments

 

Screen Reflections

All display screens are mirrors good enough to use for personal grooming – but that is actually a very bad feature…

We measured the light reflected from all directions and also direct mirror (specular) reflections, which are much more

distracting and cause more eye strain. Many Tablets still have greater than 6 percent reflections that make the

screen much harder to read even in moderate ambient light levels, requiring ever higher brightness settings that waste

precious battery power. Hopefully manufacturers will reduce the mirror reflections with anti-reflection coatings and

matte or haze surface finishes.

 

Our Lab Measurements include Average Reflectance for Ambient Light from All Directions and for Mirror Reflections.

 

The iPad mini 3 and original iPad Air have an Air Gap under the Cover Glass, which increases Screen Reflectance.

The iPad Air 2 has a bonded Cover Glass without an Air Gap like most other current premium Tablets.

The iPad Air 2 has a very innovative Anti-Reflection screen coating that produces the

Lowest Reflectance that we have ever measured for a Tablet or Smartphone.

 

Categories

 iPad mini 3

 iPad Air

 iPad Air 2

Comments

Average Screen Reflection

Light From All Directions

 6.5  percent

Ambient Light Reflections

Good

 6.5  percent

Ambient Light Reflections

Good

 2.5  percent

Ambient Light Reflections

Outstanding

Measured using an Integrating Hemisphere and

a Spectroradiometer. The best value we have

ever measured for a Tablet is 2.5 percent.

Relative Brightness of the

Reflected Ambient Light

2.6 times the Lowest

2.6 times the Lowest

Lowest

62 percent Lower Glare

Relative Brightness of the Reflected Ambient Light

Expressed as a percentage of the lowest amount.

Mirror Reflections

Percentage of Light Reflected

 8.3  percent

for Mirror Reflections

Good

8.5  percent

for Mirror Reflections

Good

2.9  percent

for Mirror Reflections

Outstanding

These are the most annoying types of Reflections.

Measured using a Spectroradiometer and a narrow

collimated pencil beam of light reflected off the screen.

Cover Glass with Display

Cover Glass has Air Gap

Increases Reflectance

Cover Glass has Air Gap

Increases Reflectance

Bonded Cover Glass

Anti-Reflection Coating

The Cover Glass and other optical layers above the

Display have a significant impact on the Reflectance.

 

Brightness and Contrast

The Contrast Ratio is the specification that gets the most attention, but it only applies for low ambient light, which is seldom

the case for mobile displays. Much more important is the Contrast Rating, which indicates how easy it is to read the screen

under high ambient lighting and depends on both the Maximum Brightness and the Screen Reflectance. The larger the better.

 

All of the iPads have Very Good Brightness in the range of about 400 to 450 nits.

The iPad mini 3 has a 20 percent lower Contrast Ratio than the iPad Air and Air 2.

The iPad Air 2 has the Highest Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light that we have ever measured as the result of Low Reflectance.

 

Categories

iPad mini 3

iPad Air

iPad Air 2

Comments

Measured Average Brightness

50% Average Picture Level

Brightness 394 cd/m2

Very Good

Brightness 449 cd/m2

Very Good

Brightness 415 cd/m2

Very Good

This is the Brightness for typical screen content

that has a 50% Average Picture Level.

Measured Full Brightness

100% Full Screen White

Brightness 394 cd/m2

Very Good

Brightness 449 cd/m2

Very Good

Brightness 415 cd/m2

Very Good

This is the Brightness for a screen that is entirely

all white with 100% Average Picture Level.

Measured Peak Brightness

1% Full Screen White

Brightness 394 cd/m2

Very Good

Brightness 449 cd/m2

Very Good

Brightness 415 cd/m2

Very Good

This is the Peak Brightness for a screen that

has only a tiny 1% Average Picture Level.

Measured Auto Brightness

in High Ambient Light

with Automatic Brightness On

Max Auto Brightness

394 cd/m2

Very Good

Max Auto Brightness

449 cd/m2

Very Good

Max Auto Brightness

415 cd/m2

Very Good

Some displays have a higher Maximum Brightness

in Automatic Brightness Mode.

 

Low Ambient Light

Lowest Peak Brightness

Brightness Slider to Minimum

6 cd/m2

Very Good

For Very Low Light

6 cd/m2

Very Good

For Very Low Light

5 cd/m2

Very Good

For Very Low Light

This is the Lowest Brightness with the Slider set to

Minimum. This is useful for working in very dark

environments. Picture Quality remained Excellent.

True Black Brightness at 0 lux

at Maximum Brightness Setting

0.44 cd/m2

Very Good for Mobile

0.39 cd/m2

Very Good for Mobile

0.39 cd/m2

Very Good for Mobile

Black brightness is important for low ambient light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

True Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

Relevant for Low Ambient Light

895

Very Good for Mobile

1,151

Very Good for Mobile

1,064

Very Good for Mobile

Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

 

High Ambient Light

Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

 

The Higher the Better

for Screen Readability

in High Ambient Light

61

Good

 

61

With Auto Brightness

Good

69

Good

 

69

With Auto Brightness

Good

166

Excellent

 

166

With Auto Brightness

Excellent

Depends on the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.

Defined as Maximum Brightness / Average Reflectance.

 

Some displays have a higher maximum Brightness

in Automatic Brightness Mode.

Screen Readability

in High Ambient Light

Good  B

 

Good  B

With Auto Brightness

Good  B

 

Good  B

With Auto Brightness

Excellent  A

 

Excellent  A

With Auto Brightness

Indicates how easy it is to read the screen

under high ambient lighting. Depends on

both the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.

See High Ambient Light Screen Shots

 

Colors and Intensities

 

Figure 1

Color Gamuts

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 2

Color Accuracy

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 3

Intensity Scale

Click to Enlarge

 

The Color Gamut, Intensity Scale, and White Point determine the quality and accuracy of all displayed images and all

the image colors. Bigger is definitely Not Better because the display needs to match all the standards that were used

when the content was produced. For LCDs a wider Color Gamut reduces the power efficiency and the Intensity Scale

affects both image brightness and color mixture accuracy.

 

All of the iPads continue with a Slightly Bluish White Point. The White Point Accuracy is more critical than for other

colors because it affects all of the low saturation colors and white is more noticeable because it often fills the screen.

The Bluish White Point and the shifted Blue Primary result in somewhat higher Absolute Color Errors.

The iPad mini 3 performs poorly as the result of its small 62 percent sRGB/Rec.709 Color Gamut.

 

Categories

iPad mini 3

iPad Air

iPad Air 2

Comments

Color of White

Color Temperature in degrees

See Figure 2 for JNCD

 

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

For the Plotted White Points

See Figure 1

7,086 K

1.6 JNCD from D65 White

 

White is Slightly Bluish

 

See Figure 1

 

See Figure 2 for JNCD

7,041 K

1.4 JNCD from D65 White

 

White is Slightly Bluish

 

See Figure 1

 

See Figure 2 for JNCD

7,355 K

2.4 JNCD from D65 White

 

White is Somewhat Bluish

 

See Figure 1

 

See Figure 2 for JNCD

D65 with 6,500 K is the standard color of White

for most Consumer Content and needed for

accurate color reproduction of all images.

 

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

White Point Accuracy is more critical than other Colors.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Gamut

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

 

See Figure 1

62 percent

sRGB / Rec.709

 

Gamut Too Small

 

See Figure 1

 108 percent

sRGB / Rec.709

 

Fairly Close to Standard

 

See Figure 1

107 percent

sRGB / Rec.709

 

Fairly Close to Standard

 

See Figure 1

sRGB / Rec.709 is the color standard for most

content and needed for accurate color reproduction.

 

 

Color Accuracy

Absolute Color Accuracy

Average Color Error at 0 lux

 

For 21 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2

 Average Color Shift

From sRGB/Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0274

 6.8 JNCD

 

Good Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

 Average Color Error

From sRGB/Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0129

 3.2 JNCD

 

Very Good Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

 Average Color Error

From sRGB/Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0155

 3.9 JNCD

 

Good Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD and for

Accuracy Plots showing the measured Color Errors.

 

Average Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Average Errors 3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Average Errors above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

Absolute Color Accuracy

Largest Color Error at 0 lux

 

For 21 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2

Largest Color Shift

From sRGB/Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0906

 22.6 JNCD for Blue

 

Poor Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

Largest Color Error

From sRGB/Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0316

7.9 JNCD for Magenta

 

Good Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

Largest Color Error

From sRGB/Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0350

8.8 JNCD for Magenta

 

Good Accuracy

 

See Figure 2

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD and for

Accuracy Plots showing the measured Color Errors.

 

Largest Errors below   7.0 JNCD are Very Good.

Largest Errors 7.0 to 14.0 JNCD are Good.

Largest Errors above 14.0 JNCD are Poor.

This is twice the limit for the Average Error.

 

Intensity Scale

Dynamic Brightness

Luminance Decrease with

Average Picture Level APL

0 percent Decrease

Excellent

0 percent Decrease

Excellent

0 percent Decrease

Excellent

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

Intensity Scale and

Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

The Intensity Scale controls image contrast needed

for accurate Image Contrast and Color reproduction.

See Figure 3

Gamma for the Intensity Scale

Larger has more Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

2.21

Excellent

Close to Perfect

2.23

Excellent

Close to Perfect

 2.25

Excellent

Very Close to Standard

Gamma is the log slope of the Intensity Scale.

Gamma of 2.20 is the standard and needed for

accurate Image Contrast and Color reproduction.

See Figure 3

Image Contrast Accuracy

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

See Figure 3

 

Viewing Angles

The variation of Brightness, Contrast, and Color with Viewing Angle is especially important for Tablets because

of their larger screen and multiple viewers. The typical manufacturer 176+ degree specification for LCD Viewing Angle

is nonsense because that is where the Contrast Ratio falls to a miniscule 10. For most LCDs there are substantial

degradations at less than ±30 degrees, which is not an atypical Viewing Angle for Tablets and Smartphones.

 

Note that the Viewing Angle performance is also very important for a single viewer because the Viewing Angle can vary

significantly based on how the Tablet is held. The Viewing Angle can be very large if resting on a table or desk.

 

All of the iPads perform as expected for IPS LCDs.

 

Categories

iPad mini 3

iPad Air

iPad Air 2

Comments

Brightness Decrease

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

–59 percent Portrait

     –57 percent Landscape

Very Large Decrease

Typical for all LCDs

 –62 percent Portrait

       –60 percent Landscape

Very Large Decrease

Typical for all LCDs

    –62 percent Portrait

   –58 percent Landscape

Very Large Decrease

Typical for all LCDs

Most screens become less bright when tilted.

LCD decrease is due to optical absorption.

LCD decrease is generally greater than 50 percent.

Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

   550 Portrait

         501 Landscape

 Very Good for Mobile

    665 Portrait

         478 Landscape

Very Good for Mobile

    650 Portrait

         500 Landscape

Very Good for Mobile

A measure of screen readability when the screen

is tilted under low ambient lighting.

White Point Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0066

 1.7 JNCD Excellent

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0049

 1.2 JNCD Excellent

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0033

0.8 JNCD Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Same Rating Scale as Absolute Color Accuracy.

Primary Color Shifts

Largest Color Shift for R,G,B

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Largest Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0105

 for Blue

 2.6 JNCD Very Good

Largest Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0027

 for Blue

 0.7 JNCD Excellent

Largest Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0053

 for Blue

 1.3 JNCD Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Same Rating Scale as Absolute Color Accuracy.

Color Shifts for Color Mixtures

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Reference Brown (255, 128, 0)

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0074

1.9 JNCD Very Good

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0038

1.0 JNCD Excellent

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0097

2.4 JNCD Very Good

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

Color Shifts for non-IPS LCDs are about 10 JNCD.

Reference Brown is a good indicator of color shifts

with angle because of unequal drive levels and

roughly equal luminance contributions from Red

and Green. See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

 

 

 

Figure 4

Display Spectra

Click to Enlarge

 

 

Display Power Consumption

The display power was measured using a Linear Regression between Luminance and AC Power with a fully charged battery.

 

Since the displays all have different screen sizes and maximum brightness, the values were also scaled to the

same screen brightness (Luminance) and same screen area in order to compare their Relative Power Efficiencies.

 

Below we compare the Relative Display Power Efficiencies of the Tablets.

The results are all scaled for the same brightness (Luminance) and same screen area as the iPad Air 2.

 

The iPad Air 2 has 16% lower display Power Efficiency than the (original) iPad Air – most likely the result of an obsession with producing a thinner Tablet forcing compromises in the LCD backlight.

 

Comparison with Other Tablets

The Kindle Fire HDX 8.9 (with a Low Temperature Poly Silicon IPS LCD) is 27 percent more power efficient

than the iPad Air 2 for the same Luminance and screen area.

 

Categories

iPad mini 3

iPad Air

iPad Air 2

Comments

Average Display Power

Maximum Brightness at

50% Average Picture Level

 3.4 watts

394 cd/m2

4.8 watts

449 cd/m2

5.1 watts

415 cd/m2

This measures the average display power for

a wide range of image content.

Maximum Display Power

Full White Screen

at Maximum Brightness

3.4 watts

394 cd/m2

4.8 watts

449 cd/m2

 5.1 watts

415 cd/m2

This measures the display power for a screen

that is entirely Peak White.

Relative Power Efficiency

Same Luminance 415 cd/m2

Same 45.2 inch screen area

 

 

  Relative Power 125%

Relative Efficiency 80%

 

5.5 watts

 62% Color Gamut

Relative Power 100%

Relative Efficiency 100%

 

4.4 watts

108% Color Gamut

Relative Power 116%

Relative Efficiency 84%

 

5.1 watts

107% Color Gamut

This compares the Maximum Power Efficiency

by scaling to the same screen brightness and

same screen area as the iPad Air.

 

The Power Efficiency is also dependent on the ppi

and size of the Color Gamut, particularly for LCDs.


 

About the Author

Dr. Raymond Soneira is President of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire, which produces display calibration, evaluation, and diagnostic products for consumers, technicians, and manufacturers. See www.displaymate.com. He is a research scientist with a career that spans physics, computer science, and television system design. Dr. Soneira obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from Princeton University, spent 5 years as a Long-Term Member of the world famous Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, another 5 years as a Principal Investigator in the Computer Systems Research Laboratory at AT&T Bell Laboratories, and has also designed, tested, and installed color television broadcast equipment for the CBS Television Network Engineering and Development Department. He has authored over 35 research articles in scientific journals in physics and computer science, including Scientific American. If you have any comments or questions about the article, you can contact him at dtso.info@displaymate.com.

 

DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology

All Tablet and Smartphone displays can be significantly improved using DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration, and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production quality control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the benefits of our DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.

 

About DisplayMate Technologies

DisplayMate Technologies specializes in proprietary advanced scientific display calibration and mathematical display optimization to deliver unsurpassed objective performance, picture quality and accuracy for all types of displays including video and computer monitors, projectors, HDTVs, mobile displays such as Tablets and Smartphones, and all display technologies including LCD, LCD, 3D, LED, LCoS, Plasma, DLP and CRT. This article is a lite version of our intensive scientific analysis of Tablet and Smartphone mobile displays – before the benefits of our advanced mathematical DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve many of the display deficiencies. We offer DisplayMate display calibration software for consumers and advanced DisplayMate display diagnostic and calibration software for technicians and test labs.

 

For manufacturers we offer Consulting Services that include advanced Lab testing and evaluations, confidential Shoot-Outs with competing products, calibration and optimization for displays, cameras and their User Interface, plus on-site and factory visits. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, and production quality control so they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our Display Technology Shoot-Out series. See our world renown Display Technology Shoot-Out public article series for an introduction and preview. DisplayMate’s advanced scientific optimizations can make lower cost panels look as good or better than more expensive higher performance displays. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to turn your display into a spectacular one to surpass your competition then Contact DisplayMate Technologies to learn more.

 

 

Article Links:  Samsung OLED Tab S Display Technology Shoot-Out

Article Links:  Microsoft Surface Pro 3 Display Technology Shoot-Out

Article Links:  2013 Flagship Tablet Display Technology Shoot-Out

Article Links:  2013 Mini Tablet Display Technology Shoot-Out

 

Article Links:  Mobile Display Shoot-Out Article Series Overview and Home Page

Article Links:  Display Technology Shoot-Out Article Series Overview and Home Page

 

 

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