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iPhone 14 Pro Max OLED Display Technology Shoot-Out

 

Dr. Raymond M. Soneira

President, DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 

Copyright © 1990-2022 by DisplayMate Technologies Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

This article, or any part thereof, may not be copied, reproduced, mirrored, distributed or incorporated

into any other work without the prior written permission of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation

 

 

iPhone 14 Pro Max

 

Introduction and Overview

The key element for a great Smartphone has always been a truly innovative and top performing display, and the best leading edge Smartphones have always flaunted their super high tech displays. It is the display performance that determines how good and how beautiful everything on the Smartphone looks, including the camera photos, videos, movies, web content, plus all of your Apps, and also how readable and how usable the screen is in High Ambient Lighting. The Display is the Crown Jewel of the Smartphone!

 

In this Display Technology Shoot-Out article series we Only Test and Only Cover the Very Best State-of-the-Art Top Performing Top Tier Smartphone Displays. The articles are designed to promote Superior Display Performance so that reviewers, analysts, journalists, and consumers all Recognize and Appreciate Display Excellence, and also to reward and encourage manufacturers to produce top performing displays for their products.

 

In this article we lab test, measure, analyze, and evaluate in depth the display on the iPhone 14 Pro Max. This is an independent scientific objective lab test and analysis of OLED displays written for reviewers, analysts, journalists, and consumers. It is the latest edition in our twelve year article series that has lab tested, tracked and analyzed the development of mobile OLED displays and display technology, from its early beginnings in 2010, when OLED displays started out in last place, into a rapidly improving and evolving display technology that now has a commanding first place lead and continues pushing ahead aggressively.

 

All of the DisplayMate Display Performance Grades, Ratings and Awards are based entirely on the extensive objective Lab tests and measurements that we also publish, so that everyone can judge and compare the display performance data for themselves as well.

We cover these display performance topics with in-depth comprehensive display tests, measurements, and analysis that you will find nowhere else.

 

Some of the iPhone 14 Pro Max Display Performance Enhancements from the iPhone 13 Pro Max

Although the iPhone 14 Pro Max has close to the same Screen Size and Resolution as the iPhone 13 Pro Max, the 14 Pro Max has many new major Display Performance Enhancements:

 

· New Always-On Display

An Always-On Display Mode keeps the display On with essential information when the iPhone is in Standby.

 

· New Dynamic Island

A Dynamic Island centered over the Sensor Area at the top of the screen dynamically changes in size to include timely information from the running Apps.

 

· New High Brightness Mode

A Very High Peak Brightness of 2,300 nits which is more than Double for the iPhone 13 Pro Max.

 

· Brighter HDR Photo and Video Display

HDR Brightness of 1,590 nits which is 33% Brighter than the iPhone 13 Pro Max

 

· More Display Performance Records

The iPhone 14 Pro Max has 15 Display Performance Records compared to 12 Display Performance Records for the iPhone 13 Pro Max.

 

Article Overview

This iPhone 14 Pro Max article has the following major sections:

 

· Conclusions:  The iPhone 14 Pro Max Conclusions section below summarizes all of the Results, Features, Functions and Records.

 

· Records:  The Display Performance Records section below lists the Lab measurement performance records.

 

· A+ Rating:  The Display Rating section below summarizes the DisplayMate Ratings and Criteria.

 

· Award:  The Best Smartphone Display Award section below summarizes the DisplayMate Display Performance Award Criteria.

 

· Measurements:  The Display Shoot-Out Lab Measurements Comparison Table section below has the complete set of measurements and tests.

 

· Assessments:  The Display Performance Assessments section below summarizes the display evaluation details.

 

We will cover all of the these display performance topics and much more, with in-depth expert comprehensive display tests, measurements and analysis that you will find nowhere else.

 

The Display Shoot-Out

To examine the performance of the new iPhone 14 Pro Max OLED Display we ran our in-depth series of Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out Lab tests and measurements in order to determine how the latest OLED displays have improved. We take display quality very seriously and provide in-depth objective analysis based on detailed laboratory tests and measurements and extensive viewing tests with both test patterns, test images and test photos. To see how far OLED and LCD mobile displays have progressed in twelve years see our 2010 Smartphone Display Shoot-Out, and for a real history lesson see our original 2006 Smartphone Display Shoot-Out.

 

Apple provided DisplayMate Technologies with a retail unit of the iPhone 14 Pro Max so that we could perform our well known objective and comprehensive DisplayMate Lab tests, measurements, and analysis, explaining in-depth the new display performance results for consumers, reviewers, and journalists as early as possible.

 

iPhone 14 Pro Max Conclusions:

The primary goal of this Display Technology Shoot-Out article series has always been to publicize and promote display excellence so that consumers, journalists, reviewers, and even manufacturers are aware of and appreciate the very best in displays and display technology. We point out which manufacturers and display technologies are leading and advancing the state-of-the-art for displays by performing comprehensive and objective scientific Lab Tests and Measurements together with in-depth analysis. We point out who is leading, who is behind, who is improving, and sometimes (unfortunately) who is back pedaling.

 

All of the DisplayMate Display Performance Grades, Ratings and Awards are based entirely on the extensive objective Lab tests and measurements that we also publish, so that everyone can judge and compare the display performance data for themselves as well.

 

With consumers now spending rapidly increasing amounts of time watching content on their Smartphones, the shift in emphasis from primarily improving Display Hardware Performance to enhancing the overall Display Picture Quality and Color Accuracy is an important step that DisplayMate Technologies has been pushing for many years in our Display Technology Shoot-Out article series, so it is great to see manufactures improving and then competing on these DisplayMate Lab Measurement Objective Display Performance Metrics.

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max has the following State-of-the-Art Display Performance Functions and Features:

 

· A state-of-the-art OLED display that is manufactured on a flexible plastic substrate. While the OLED display itself is flexible, the screen remains rigid under an outer hard Ceramic Shield cover glass.

 

· A Full Screen design with a large 6.7 inch OLED display that fills almost the entire front face of the iPhone 14 Pro Max from edge-to-edge, providing a significantly larger display for the same phone size.

 

· A display form factor with a taller height to width Aspect Ratio of 19.5 : 9 = 2.17, which is 22% larger than the 16 : 9 = 1.78 on most Smartphones (and widescreen TVs) because the display now has the same overall shape as the entire phone. It is taller in Portrait mode and wider in Landscape mode.

 

· A 2.8K High Resolution 2796 x 1290 Full HD+ Display with 460 pixels per inch, and Diamond Pixels with Sub-Pixel Rendering for enhanced sharpness and higher Peak Brightness.

 

· The iPhone 14 Pro Max display appears Perfectly Sharp for normal 20/20 Vision at Typical Smartphone Viewing Distances of 12 to 18 inches (30 to 46 cm).

 

· ProMotion dynamically adapts the Display Refresh Rate between 10 Hz to 120 Hz based on the changing image content in order to optimize the screen response time and power efficiency.

 

· A Dynamic Island centered over the Sensor Area at the top of the Screen dynamically changes in size to include timely information from the running Apps.

 

· An Always-On Display Mode that keeps the display On with essential information when the iPhone is in Standby. The Low 1 Hz Refresh Rate reduces the display power together with Auto Brightness and an efficient display coprocessor.

 

· A Full Screen Brightness of 1,026 nits for 100% APL in High Ambient Light, which improves screen visibility in high Ambient Light.

 

· A High Brightness Mode with a Very High Peak Brightness of 2,307 nits for Low APL in very high Ambient Light.

 

· Each iPhone 14 Pro Max display is individually calibrated at the factory for both Color Accuracy and Contrast Accuracy.

 

· Very High Absolute Color Accuracy of 0.5 JNCD.

 

· Color Accuracy and Intensity Scales that are Independent of the Image Content APL.

 

· Automatic Color Management that automatically switches to the proper Color Gamut for any displayed image content within the Wide DCI-P3 Color Space that has an ICC Profile, so images automatically appear with the correct colors, neither being over-saturated or under-saturated.

 

· 2 Industry Standard Color Gamuts: the sRGB / Rec.709 Color Gamut that is used for most current consumer content, and the new Wide DCI-P3 Color Gamut that is used in 4K Ultra HD TVs. The DCI-P3 Gamut is 26 percent larger than the sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut.

 

· A Full 100% DCI-P3 Color Gamut that is also used for 4K Ultra HD TVs, so the iPhone 14 Pro Max can display the latest high-end 4K video content.

 

· A High Dynamic Range Mobile HDR Display which allows the iPhone 14 Pro Max to play 4K High Dynamic Range content produced for 4K UHD TVs. The HDR Peak Brightness is 1,590 nits.

 

· Very Low Screen Reflectance of 4.5 percent.

 

· A Night Shift Mode that allows the user to adjust and reduce the amount of Blue Light from the display for better night viewing and improved sleep.

 

· A Dark Mode setting that inverts the typical White Background with Black Text to a Black Background with White Text, which significantly reduces the overall Brightness of the entire display for most applications, and should reduce eye strain when viewing the display in low to dark ambient light.

 

· A True Tone viewing mode that automatically changes the White Point and color balance of the display based on real-time measurements of the Ambient Light falling on the screen to make the display behave more like paper reflecting Ambient Light and taking on its color.

 

· Small to Medium Color Shifts and Small Brightness Shifts with Viewing Angle.

 

· Vision Accessibility Display Modes to help people with vision impairments.

 

· The iPhone 14 Pro Max can be used with Polarized Sunglasses in both the Portrait and Landscape orientations unlike many LCDs, which generally work in only one of the two orientations.

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max sets or matches 15 Smartphone Display Performance Records for:

Numerical Display Performance Differences that are Visually Indistinguishable are considered Matched and Tied Performance Records.

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference and APL is the Average Picture Level for on-screen Image Content.

 

· Highest    Color Accuracy of White  (0.2 JNCD for sRGB and 0.2 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

 

· Highest    Absolute Color Accuracy  (0.5 JNCD for sRGB and 0.5 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

 

· Smallest  Shift in Color Accuracy with APL  (0.3 JNCD for sRGB and 0.3 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

 

· Smallest  Maximum Color Shift with APL  (0.9 JNCD for sRGB and 0.8 JNCD for DCI-P3)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

 

· Highest    Image Contrast Accuracy and Intensity Scale Accuracy  (2.22 Gamma)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

 

· Smallest  Shift in Image Contrast and Intensity Scale with APL  (0.00 Gamma)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

 

· Smallest  Change in Peak Luminance with APL  (1 percent)  –  Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

 

· Highest   Full Screen Brightness for OLED Smartphones  (1,026 nits at 100% APL).

 

· Highest   Peak Display Brightness  (2,307 nits for Low APL in High Ambient Light).

 

· Highest   Contrast Ratio  (Infinite).

 

· Lowest    Screen Reflectance  (4.5 percent).

 

· Highest   Contrast Rating in Ambient Light  (228 for 100% APL and 513 for Peak Brightness).

 

· Smallest  Brightness Variation with Viewing Angle  (25% at 30 degrees).

 

· Smallest  Color Variation of White with Viewing Angle  (1.5 JNCD at 30 degrees).

 

· Highest   Visible Screen Resolution 2.8K (2796x1290)  –  4K Does Not appear visually sharper on a Smartphone.

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max earns our Highest A+ Display Performance Assessment Rating

OLED has evolved into a highly refined and mature display technology that now produces the best and highest performance displays for Smartphones.

OLED Display Performance continues to provide major Record Setting improvements with every new generation.

 

With consumers now spending rapidly increasing amounts of time watching content on their Smartphones, the shift in emphasis from primarily improving Display Hardware Performance to enhancing the overall display Picture Quality and Color Accuracy is an important step that DisplayMate Technologies has been pushing for many years in our Display Technology Shoot-Out article series, so it is great to see manufacturers improving and then competing on these DisplayMate Objective Lab Measurement Metrics.

 

Apple has concentrated on significantly raising the on-screen Absolute Picture Quality and Absolute Color Accuracy of the OLED display by implementing Precision Factory Display Calibration, moving the overall iPhone 14 Pro Max Display Performance up to Record Setting Outstanding Levels with close to Text Book Perfect Calibration Accuracy that is Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect.

 

DisplayMate Display Performance Ratings:

All of the Results in this article are based Entirely on our Objective and Extensive DisplayMate Lab Tests and Measurements that are all listed in a section below.

 

· To get a DisplayMate A Display Performance Rating the display must get All Green [Very Good to Excellent] Ratings for All of the Display Tests and Measurements [except for Color Shifts at 30 degrees Viewing Angle, which are deemed less important].

 

· Then to get a DisplayMate A+ Display Performance Rating the Average Absolute Color Accuracy and the Average Absolute Color Accuracy Shifts with Average Picture Level APL must All be less than 1.0 JNCD, and the Largest Color Errors must All be less than 3.0 JNCD.

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max delivers Uniformly Consistent Top Tier Display Performance and receives All Green [Very Good to Excellent] Ratings in All DisplayMate Lab Test Display Performance and Accuracy Categories and has Absolute Color Accuracy much better than 1.0 JNCD.

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max display meets all of the criteria and requirements for a DisplayMate A+ Grade, earning DisplayMate’s Highest Overall Display Assessment Rating and Highest Display Performance Grade of A+.

 

DisplayMate Display Performance Rating and Best Smartphone Display Award

Based on our extensive Lab Tests and Measurements the iPhone 14 Pro Max has a Very Impressive Excellent Top Tier World Class Smartphone Display with close to Text Book Perfect Calibration Accuracy and Performance that is Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect. Based on our objective Lab Tests and Measurements the iPhone 14 Pro Max receives a DisplayMate Best Smartphone Display Award earning DisplayMate’s highest ever Display Performance Grade of A+ and setting or matching 15 Smartphone Display Performance Records including 7 that are Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect that are listed above.

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max joins the very select Top Tier of Smartphone Displays which all provide Close to Text Book Perfect Calibration Accuracy and Performance that is Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect, so they all received and maintain Concurrent DisplayMate Best Smartphone Display Awards. All are Excellent State-of-the-Art Displays, each is better in some Display Performance Categories, but None are Best in All the Display Performance Categories. Note that measured numerical display performance differences that are Visually Indistinguishable are equivalent.

 

As Display Performance continues to improve we have and will continue to raise the Performance Levels necessary to receive a DisplayMate Best Smartphone Display Award and an A+ Display Rating, so The Top Tier of Smartphone Displays will continue to evolve and change with each new display generation, but only the Very Best Displays will continue to receive A+ Ratings each year.

 

Follow DisplayMate on Twitter to learn about our upcoming Smartphone display technology coverage.

 

See the links below for all of the iPhone 14 Pro Max Measurements, Evaluations, Analysis, and Assessments

 

Data Tables:    See the Display Shoot-Out Lab Measurements Comparison Table section below has the complete set of measurements and tests.

 

Records:          See the Display Performance Records section above that lists the Lab measurement performance records.

 

Assessments:   See the Display Performance Assessments section below summarizes the display evaluation details.

 

DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology

All Smartphone, Tablet, Monitor and TV displays can be significantly improved using DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration, and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, display performance improvement and optimization, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production quality control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the benefits of our DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.

 

 

Display Shoot-Out Comparison Table

Below we examine in-depth the OLED display on the Apple iPhone 14 Pro Max based on objective Lab measurement data

and criteria in the following sections:  Display SpecificationsOverall AssessmentsScreen ReflectionsBrightness and Contrast,

Colors and IntensitiesAbsolute Color AccuracyViewing AnglesOLED Spectra

 

Detailed Test and Measurement Comparisons between the iPhone 14 Pro Max and iPhone 13 Pro Max.

You can directly compare the data and measurement results for the iPhone 14 Pro Max with the iPhone 13 Pro Max

in detail by using a Tabbed web browser with our comprehensive Lab measurements and analysis for each of the displays.

For each Tab click on a Link below. The entries are mostly identical with only minor formatting differences,

so it is easy to make detailed side-by-side comparisons by simply clicking through the Tabs.

Apple iPhone 14 Pro Max Lab Measurements Comparison Table

Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max Lab Measurements Comparison Table

 

For comparisons with the other leading Smartphone displays see our Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out article series.

 

Categories

 Apple iPhone 14 Pro Max

Comments

Display Technology

Flexible OLED Display with Diamond Pixels

6.7 inch Diagonal  / 17.0 cm Diagonal

Excluding the Rounded Corners

Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode

Diamond Pixels with Diagonal Symmetry.

 

Screen Aspect Ratio

19.5 : 9 = 2.17

Higher Aspect Ratio

Most Smartphones and Widescreen TVs have 16 : 9 = 1.78

Height to Width Aspect Ratio

iPhone 14 Pro Max display screen is 22% longer than

most Smartphones and widescreen 16:9 TV content.

Screen Size

     2.80 x   6.07 inches

7.12 x 15.43 cm

Display Width and Height in inches and cm.

Screen Area

17.0 square inches  / 109 square cm

The Rounded Corners Account for only 0.6% of Full Rectangular Screen Area

A better measure of size than the diagonal length.

Sensor Slot Area

Dynamic Island

The Sensor Slot Area of the Screen holds the Front Camera and 3D Sensor

It has only 1.1% of the Total Screen Area

It can be Dynamically Enlarged by OS Software into the Dynamic Island

in order to show Multiple Alerts and Information from Running Apps

The Sensor Slot and Dynamic Island are at the top of

the Screen as a rectangular area with rounded corners.

Supported Color Gamuts

              Standard Wide Gamut  –  DCI-P3 Digital Cinema Content

   Standard Normal Gamut  –  sRGB / Rec.709 Content

Automatic Color Gamut Management for Content with ICC Profiles

The iPhone 14 Pro Max supports 2 Standard Gamuts including the new wider DCI-P3 Color Gamut that is

used in the 4K Ultra HD TV content.

Display Refresh Rates

Higher 120 Hz Refresh for Smoother Scrolling and Motion

The Refresh Rate changes Automatically based on the image content

For Static Images the Refresh Rate can go as low as 1 Hz

Higher Refresh Rates improve image Scrolling

plus Video and Motion Performance in Apps,

and may reduce Screen Flicker that some

people experience.

Display Resolution

2796 x 1290 pixels

2.8K  Full HD+

Screen Pixel Resolution.

Quad HD can display four 1280x720 HD images.

Total Number of Pixels

3.6 Mega Pixels

Total Number of Pixels.

Pixels Per Inch

460 PPI with Diamond Pixels

Excellent

Sharpness depends on the viewing distance and PPI.

See this on the visual acuity for a true Retina Display

Sub-Pixels Per Inch

    Red  325 SPPI

 Green  460 SPPI

   Blue  325 SPPI

Diamond Pixel displays have only half the number

of Red and Blue Sub-Pixels as RGB Stripe displays.

See the Diamond Sub-Pixel layout

Total Number of Sub-Pixels

   Red  1.8 Million Sub-Pixels

Green  3.6 Million Sub-Pixels

  Blue  1.8 Million Sub-Pixels

Number of Mega Sub-Pixels for Red, Green, Blue.

Diamond Sub-Pixel displays have only half the number

of Red and Blue Sub-Pixels as RGB Stripe displays.

At High PPI this is generally not visible due to the

use of Sub-Pixel Rendering.

20/20 Vision Distance

where Pixels or Sub-Pixels

are Not Resolved

        7.5 inches / 19.0 cm for White and Green Sub-Pixels with 20/20 Vision

 10.6 inches / 26.9 cm for Red and Blue Sub-Pixels with 20/20 Vision

For 20/20 Vision the minimum Viewing Distance

where the screen appears perfectly sharp to the eye.

Display Sharpness

at Typical Viewing Distances

 iPhone 14 Pro Max Display appears Perfectly Sharp

Pixels are not Resolved with 20/20 Vision

at Typical Viewing Distances of

     12 to 18 inches

30 to 46 cm

The Typical Viewing Distances for this screen size

are in the range of 12 to 18 inches or 30 to 46 cm.

 

Also note that eye’s resolution is much lower for

Red and Blue color content than White and Green.

Appears Perfectly Sharp

at Typical Viewing Distances

 Yes

Typical Viewing Distances are 12 to 18 inches

or 30 to 46 cm for this screen size.

 

Overall Assessments

This section summarizes the results for all of the extensive Lab Measurements and Viewing Tests performed on the display.

See  Screen ReflectionsBrightness and ContrastColors and IntensitiesViewing AnglesOLED Spectra

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max has Automatic Color Management that switches to the appropriate Color Gamut for Content with ICC Color Profiles.

 

The DCI-P3 Digital Cinema Gamut is used in 4K Ultra HD TVs, and other advanced imaging applications.

The sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut is used for most current consumer photo, video, web, and computer content.

 

Categories

Wide Gamut

DCI-P3 Content

Standard Gamut

sRGB / Rec.709 Content

Comments

Viewing Tests

in Subdued Ambient Lighting

 

 

 

 Excellent Images

Photos and Videos

have Excellent Color

and Accurate Contrast

 

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

Excellent Images

Photos and Videos

have Excellent Color

and Accurate Contrast

 

Accurate sRGB Content

The Viewing Tests examine the accuracy of

photographic images by comparing the displays

to an calibrated studio monitor and TV.

 

 

 

Variation with Viewing Angle

Colors and Brightness

 

See Viewing Angles

 

 Color Shifts

Small to Medium

with Viewing Angle

 

Small Brightness Shifts

with Viewing Angle

Color Shifts

Small to Medium

with Viewing Angle

 

Small Brightness Shifts

with Viewing Angle

The iPhone 14 Pro Max display has a relatively small

decrease in Brightness with Viewing Angle and

relatively small to Medium Color Shifts with

Viewing Angle.

 

See the Viewing Angles section for details.

Overall Display Assessment

Lab Tests and Measurements

 

 Excellent OLED Display

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

Excellent OLED Display

Accurate sRGB Content

The iPhone 14 Pro Max OLED Display performed

very well in the Lab Tests and Measurements.

 

Absolute Color Accuracy

Measured over Entire Gamut

 

See Figure 2 and Colors

Excellent Color Accuracy

Color Errors are Very Small

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

 

Excellent Color Accuracy

Color Errors are Very Small

Accurate sRGB Content

 

Absolute Color Accuracy is measured with a

Spectroradiometer for 41 Reference Colors

uniformly distributed within the entire Color Gamut.

 

See Figure 2 and Colors for details.

Image Contrast Accuracy

 

See Figure 3 and Contrast

Excellent Accuracy

Image Contrast

Very Accurate

Excellent Accuracy

Image Contrast

Very Accurate

The Image Contrast Accuracy is determined by

measuring the Log Intensity Scale and Gamma.

 

See Figure 3 and Contrast for details.

Performance in Ambient Light

Display Brightness

Screen Reflectance

Contrast Rating

 

See Brightness and Contrast

See Screen Reflections

High Display Brightness

Very Low Reflectance

 

High Contrast Rating

for Ambient Light

 

Higher Brightness with

Auto-Brightness On

High Display Brightness

Very Low Reflectance

 

High Contrast Rating

for Ambient Light

 

Higher Brightness with

Auto-Brightness On

Smartphones are seldom used in the dark.

Screen Brightness and Reflectance determine

the Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light.

 

See the Brightness and Contrast section for details.

See the Screen Reflections section for details.

 

Overall Display Calibration

Image and Picture Quality

Lab Tests and Viewing Tests

Excellent Calibration

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

Excellent Calibration

Accurate sRGB Content

iPhone 14 Pro Max display delivers accurately

calibrated colors and images for both

Wide DCI-P3 and Standard sRGB Content.

 

Overall Display Grade

Overall Assessment

 

Overall iPhone 14 Pro Max Display Grade is Excellent A+

DisplayMate Best Smartphone Display Award

with 15 Smartphone Display Performance Records

including 7 that are Visually Indistinguishable From Perfect

An Excellent Top Tier World Class Smartphone Display

 

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max display delivers excellent

image quality for Wide DCI-P3 Color Content

and Standard sRGB Color Content, with

high Screen Brightness and low Reflectance,

has good Viewing Angles, and is an all around

top performing Smartphone display.

 

 

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

For Viewing 4K UHD TV

DCI-P3 Cinema Content

Accurate Standard sRGB Content

For Viewing Most Current Content

Photo Video Movie Web

Categories

Wide Gamut

DCI-P3 Content

Standard Gamut

sRGB / Rec.709 Content

Comments

 

Screen Reflections

All display screens are mirrors good enough to use for personal grooming – but that is actually a very bad feature…

We measured the light reflected from all directions and also direct mirror (specular) reflections, which are much more

distracting and cause more eye strain. Many Smartphones still have greater than 10 percent reflections that make

the screen much harder to read even in moderate ambient light levels, requiring ever higher brightness settings that

waste precious battery power. Manufacturers should reduce the mirror reflections with anti-reflection coatings and

matte or haze surface finishes.

 

Our Lab Measurements include Average Reflectance for Ambient Light from All Directions and for Mirror Reflections.

We use an Integrating Hemisphere and a highly collimated pencil light beam together with a Spectroradiometer.

The Screen Reflectance is exactly the same for all Color Gamuts.

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max has close to the lowest Screen Reflectance levels that we have ever measured for a Smartphone.

These results are extremely important for screen readability, picture quality, and color accuracy in ambient light.

 

Categories

 iPhone 14 Pro Max

Comments

Average Screen Reflection

Light From All Directions

4.5 percent

for Ambient Light Reflections

Excellent

Measured using an Integrating Hemisphere and

a Spectroradiometer.

The lowest value we have ever measured

for a Smartphone is 4.3 percent.

Mirror Reflections

Percentage of Light Reflected

 5.5 percent

for Mirror Reflections

Very Good

These are the most annoying types of Reflections.

Measured using a Spectroradiometer and a narrow

collimated pencil beam of light reflected off the screen.

The lowest value we have ever measured

for a Smartphone is 5.4 percent.

 

Brightness and Contrast

The Contrast Ratio is the specification that gets the most attention, but it only applies for low ambient light, which is seldom

the case for mobile displays.

 

Much more important is the Contrast Rating for High Ambient Light, which indicates how easy it is to read the screen under

high ambient lighting and depends on both the Maximum Brightness and the Screen Reflectance. The larger the better.

The display’s actual on-screen Contrast Ratio changes with the Ambient Light lux level and is proportional to the Contrast Rating.

 

The iPhone 14 Pro Max comes set with Auto-Brightness turned On, which automatically changes the display Brightness

based on the current level of Ambient Light measured by a sensor beneath the OLED display near the top of the screen..

The Maximum Brightness is higher with Auto-Brightness On.

 

Categories

Wide Gamut

DCI-P3 Content

Standard Gamut

sRGB / Rec.709 Content

Comments

 

Manual Brightness Mode

Auto-Brightness Off

Home Screen Peak Brightness

Measured for White

Brightness 840 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 840 cd/m2

Excellent

The Peak Brightness for White on the Home Screen.

 

Measured Maximum Brightness

50% Average Picture Level

Brightness 837 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 839 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for typical screen content

that has a 50% Average Picture Level.

Measured Maximum Brightness

100% Full Screen White

Brightness 825 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 827 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for a screen that is entirely

all white with 100% Average Picture Level.

Measured Maximum Brightness

1% Average Picture Level

Brightness 836 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 838 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for a screen that

has only a tiny 1% Average Picture Level.

Dynamic Brightness

Change in Luminance with

Average Picture Level

1 percent Decrease

Excellent

1 percent Decrease

Excellent

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL,

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

 

Auto Brightness Mode

The Maximum Brightness Increases Automatically with the Ambient Light Level

Measured at 5,500 lux Ambient Light

Measured Maximum Brightness

50% Average Picture Level

Brightness 1,028 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 1,032 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for typical screen content

that has a 50% Average Picture Level.

Measured Maximum Brightness

100% Full Screen White

Brightness 1,016 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 1,020 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for a screen that is entirely

all white with 100% Average Picture Level.

Measured Maximum Brightness

1% Average Picture Level

Brightness 1,031 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 1,035 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for a screen that

has only a tiny 1% Average Picture Level.

Dynamic Brightness

Change in Luminance with

Average Picture Level

1 percent Decrease

Excellent

1 percent Decrease

Excellent

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL,

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

 

Auto High Brightness Mode

Measured at Very High Ambient Light

The Maximum Brightness Increases Significantly for Lower Average Picture Levels in order to improve Screen Readability

Measured Maximum Brightness

50% Average Picture Level

Brightness 1,045 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 1,044 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for typical screen content

that has a 50% Average Picture Level.

Measured Maximum Brightness

100% Full Screen White

Brightness 1,021 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 1,026 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for a screen that is entirely

all white with 100% Average Picture Level.

Measured Maximum Brightness

1% Average Picture Level

Brightness 2,108 cd/m2

Excellent

Brightness 2,307 cd/m2

Excellent

This is the Brightness for a screen that

has only a tiny 1% Average Picture Level.

Dynamic Brightness

Change in Luminance with

Average Picture Level

52 percent Decrease

Intentionally Large

56 percent Decrease

Intentionally Large

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL,

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

 

Low Ambient Light

Lowest Peak Brightness

Super Dim Setting

Brightness Slider to Minimum

2 cd/m2

For Very Low Light

2 cd/m2

For Very Low Light

This is the Lowest Brightness with the Slider set to

Minimum. This is useful for working in very dark

environments. Picture Quality remains Excellent.

Black Brightness at 0 lux

at Maximum Brightness Setting

0 cd/m2

Outstanding

0 cd/m2

Outstanding

Black Brightness is important for Low Ambient Light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

Relevant for Low Ambient Light

Infinite

Outstanding

Infinite

Outstanding

Only relevant for Low Ambient Light,

which is seldom the case for mobile devices.

 

Always-On Display Mode

The Brightness Varies Automatically with the Ambient Light Level

Measured Brightness for White

 

    Low Ambient Light      2 cd/m2

    High Ambient Light  480 cd/m2

    Low Ambient Light      2 cd/m2

    High Ambient Light  480 cd/m2

 

Displayed image content when the iPhone

is in Standby Mode.

 

 

High Ambient Light Contrast Rating

For White with the Brightness Slider at Maximum

Contrast Rating

for High Ambient Light

 

The Higher the Better

for Screen Readability

in High Ambient Light

183 – 186

With Manual Brightness Mode

Very Good

 

227 – 468

With Auto-Brightness On

Excellent

184 – 186

With Manual Brightness Mode

Very Good

 

228 – 513

With Auto-Brightness On

Excellent

Depends on the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.

Defined as Maximum Brightness / Average Reflectance.

 

The display’s actual on-screen Contrast Ratio

changes with the Ambient Light lux level and

is proportional to the Contrast Rating.

Screen Readability

in High Ambient Light

Very Good  A

With Manual Brightness Mode

 

Excellent  A+

With Auto-Brightness On

Very Good  A

With Manual Brightness Mode

 

Excellent  A+

With Auto-Brightness On

Indicates how easy it is to read the screen

under High Ambient Lighting. Depends on

both the Screen Reflectance and Brightness.

See High Ambient Light Screen Shots

 

Colors and Intensities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1

Color Gamuts

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 2

Color Accuracy

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 3

Intensity Scales

Click to Enlarge

 

Figure 4

Color Shifts

Click to Enlarge

 

 

The Color Gamut, Intensity Scale, and White Point determine the quality and accuracy of all displayed images and all

the image colors. Bigger is definitely Not Better because the display needs to match all the standards that were used

when the content was produced.

 

The iPhone has Automatic Color Management that switches to the appropriate Color Gamut for Content with ICC Color Profiles.

 

Categories

Wide Gamut

DCI-P3 Content

Standard Gamut

sRGB / Rec.709 Content

Comments

Color of White

Color Temperature in degrees

 

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

See Figure 1

 6,550 K

0.2 JNCD from D65 White

Very Close to Standard

 

Excellent

Accurate White Point

 

See Figure 1

6,550 K

0.2 JNCD from D65 White

Very Close to Standard

 

Excellent

Accurate White Point

 

See Figure 1

D65 with 6,500 K is the standard color of White

for most Consumer Content and needed for

accurate color reproduction of all images.

 

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

White Point accuracy is more critical than other colors.

 

See Figure 1 for the plotted White Points.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

 

Color Gamut

Measured in the dark at 0 lux

 

See Figure 1

 102 percent

DCI-P3 Cinema Gamut

Very Close to Standard

 

Excellent

Accurate Wide Gamut

 

See Figure 1

104 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut

Very Close to Standard

 

Excellent

Accurate Standard Gamut

 

See Figure 1

 

Most current consumer content uses sRGB / Rec.709.

The new 4K UHD TVs and Digital Cinema use DCI-P3.

 

A Wide Color Gamut is useful in High Ambient Light

and for some applications. It can be used with Color

Management to dynamically change the Gamut.

 

See Figure 1

 

Color Gamut in Ambient Light

Measured at 1,000 lux

 

Display Brightness set at Maximum

 

1,000 lux corresponds to

very bright indoor lighting or

outdoor daylight with an

overcast sky.

 

at 1,000 lux

 

90 percent

DCI-P3 Cinema Gamut

 

Very Good

See Figure 1

 

at 1,000 lux

 

91 percent

sRGB / Rec.709 Gamut

 

Very Good

See Figure 1

 

The visible on-screen Color Gamut decreases

as the Ambient Light level increases.

 

The Ambient Light level is measured in lux.

 

The Gamut Depends on both the Display Brightness

and the Screen Reflectance.

 

See Figure 1

 

 

Absolute Color Accuracy

Absolute Color Accuracy

Average Color Error at 0 lux

 

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2

 Average Color Error

From DCI-P3

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0019

0.5 JNCD

 

Excellent Accuracy

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

 

See Figure 2

Average Color Error

From sRGB / Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0020

0.5 JNCD

 

Excellent Accuracy

Accurate sRGB Content

 

See Figure 2

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD and for

Accuracy Plots showing the measured Color Errors.

 

Color Errors below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent

Color Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Errors  3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Errors above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

 

Absolute Color Accuracy

Maximum Color Error at 0 lux

 

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

See Figure 2

Largest Color Error

From DCI-P3

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0071

1.8 JNCD

for 100% Blue

 

Excellent Accuracy

Accurate DCI-P3 Content

 

See Figure 2

Largest Color Error

From sRGB / Rec.709

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0072

1.8 JNCD

for 100% Blue

 

Excellent Accuracy

Accurate sRGB Content

 

See Figure 2

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD and for

Accuracy Plots showing the measured Color Errors.

 

Color Errors below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent

Color Errors below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Errors  3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Errors above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

 

 

Shifts in Absolute Color Accuracy with Average Picture Level APL

Measured Shifts in the Absolute Color Accuracy with Image Content from Low 1% APL to High 50% APL

Shift in the Color of White

 

Just Noticeable Color Difference

 

See Figure 4

White Point Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0014

0.3 JNCD

 

Excellent

 

See Figure 4

White Point Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0013

0.3 JNCD

 

Excellent

 

See Figure 4

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

See Figure 4 for the measured Color Shifts.

 

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent

Color Shifts below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Shifts  3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Shifts above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

 

Average Color Shift

 

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

 

See Figure 4

Average Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0013

0.3 JNCD

 

Excellent

 

See Figure 4

Average Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0014

0.3 JNCD

 

Excellent

 

See Figure 4

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

See Figure 4 for the measured Color Shifts.

 

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent

Color Shifts below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Shifts  3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Shifts above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

 

Maximum Color Shift

 

For 41 Reference Colors

Just Noticeable Color Difference

 

See Figure 4

Largest Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0036

0.9 JNCD

for 100% Cyan-Blue

 

Excellent

 

See Figure 4

Largest Color Shift

from Low to High APL

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0030

0.8 JNCD

for 100% Cyan-Blue

 

Excellent

 

See Figure 4

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference

 

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

See Figure 4 for the measured Color Shifts.

 

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent

Color Shifts below 3.5 JNCD are Very Good.

Color Shifts  3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Color Shifts above 7.0 JNCD are Poor.

 

 

Intensity Scale and Image Contrast Accuracy

Dynamic Brightness

Change in Luminance with

Average Picture Level

1 percent Decrease

Excellent

1 percent Decrease

Excellent

This is the percent Brightness decrease with APL,

Average Picture Level. Ideally should be 0 percent.

Intensity Scale and

Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

 Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent

Very Accurate

See Figure 3

Very Smooth and Straight

Excellent

Very Accurate

See Figure 3

The Intensity Scale controls image contrast needed

for accurate Image Contrast and Color reproduction.

See Figure 3

Gamma for the Intensity Scale

Larger has more Image Contrast

 

See Figure 3

Gamma 2.22

Excellent

Gamma Very Accurate

 Gamma 2.22

Excellent

Gamma Very Accurate

Gamma is the log slope of the Intensity Scale.

Gamma of 2.20 is the standard and needed for

accurate Image Contrast and Color reproduction.

See Figure 3

Image Contrast Accuracy

 Excellent

Excellent

See Figure 3

 

Viewing Angles

The variation of Brightness, Contrast, and Color with Viewing Angle is especially important for Smartphones because

of their larger screen and multiple viewers. The typical manufacturer 176+ degree specification for LCD Viewing Angle

is nonsense because that is where the Contrast Ratio falls to a miniscule 10. For most LCDs there are substantial

degradations at less than ±30 degrees, which is not an atypical Viewing Angle for Smartphones and Tablets.

 

The Viewing Angle variations are essentially identical for both of the Color Gamut Modes.

 

Note that the Viewing Angle performance is also very important for a single viewer because the Viewing Angle can vary

significantly based on how the Smartphone is held. The Viewing Angle can be very large if resting on a table or desk.

 

· The iPhone 14 Pro Max display has a Brightness (Luminance) fall off with Viewing Angle that is much smaller than the best LCD displays.

 

Color Shifts:

· The White Point Color Shift is the most viewer noticeable Color Shift with Viewing Angle because it is often the screen background.

The 14 Pro Max has a White Shift of 1.5 JNCD at 30 degrees, which is unlikely to be noticeable.

 

· The Color Shifts throughout the entire Color Gamut vary as combinations of the Primary Color Shifts.

 

· The Color Shift for the Red Primary at 30 degrees Viewing Angle is 3.6 JNCD, slightly greater than the 3.5 JNCD limit for a

Green Very Good Rating.

 

· The Color Shift for the Green Primary at 30 degrees Viewing Angle is 3.7 JNCD, slightly greater than the 3.5 JNCD limit for a

Green Very Good Rating.

 

· The Color Shift for the Blue Primary at 30 degrees Viewing Angle is 4.6 JNCD, somewhat greater than the 3.5 JNCD limit for a

Green Very Good Rating. But Color Shifts in the Blue Region are less visually noticeable as discussed in this article

 

Most current model OLED Smartphone Displays have 1 or 2 Primary Color Shift Yellow ratings.

 

Categories

Wide Gamut

DCI-P3 Content

Standard Gamut

sRGB / Rec.709 Content

Comments

Brightness Decrease

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

25 percent Decrease

Small Decrease

Very Good

Most screens become less bright when tilted.

OLED decrease is due to optical absorption.

LCD decrease is generally greater than 50 percent.

Contrast Ratio at 0 lux

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Infinite Contrast Ratio

Outstanding

A measure of screen readability when the screen

is tilted under low ambient lighting.

White Point Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0059 Shift

 1.5 JNCD  Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Shifts below 2.0 JNCD are Excellent

 

Color Shifts for the Primaries

Red Primary Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Medium Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0142

 3.6 JNCD  Good

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Shifts  3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Green Primary Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Medium Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0150

 3.7 JNCD  Good

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Shifts  3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

Blue Primary Color Shift

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Medium Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0182

 4.6 JNCD  Good

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

Color Shifts  3.5 to 7.0 JNCD are Good.

 

Color Shifts for Color Mixtures

at a 30 degree Viewing Angle

Reference Brown (255, 128, 0)

 Small Color Shift

Δ(u’v’) = 0.0053

1.3 JNCD  Excellent

JNCD is a Just Noticeable Color Difference.

Color Shifts for non-IPS LCDs are about 10 JNCD.

Reference Brown is a good indicator of color shifts

with angle because of unequal drive levels and

roughly equal luminance contributions from Red

and Green. See Figure 2 for the definition of JNCD.

 

Display Spectra

The Display Spectra for the iPhone 14 Pro Max including the Night Shift mode are measured in Figure 5 below.

 

The Night Shift mode is designed to change the color balance of the display in order to reduce the amount of Blue Light

produced by the display, which some recent research indicates can affect how well users sleep afterwards.

The White Point can Shift down to a Warm 2,700 K White Point.

 

The measured display spectra for several of the Night Shift settings are included in Figure 5b.

 

 

 

Figure 5

Display Spectra

Click to Enlarge

 

 

 

About the Author

Dr. Raymond Soneira is President of DisplayMate Technologies Corporation of Amherst, New Hampshire, which produces display calibration, evaluation, and diagnostic products for consumers, technicians, and manufacturers. See www.displaymate.com. He is a research scientist with a career that spans physics, computer science, and television system design. Dr. Soneira obtained his Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from Princeton University, spent 5 years as a Long-Term Member of the world famous Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, another 5 years as a Principal Investigator in the Computer Systems Research Laboratory at AT&T Bell Laboratories, and has also designed, tested, and installed color television broadcast equipment for the CBS Television Network Engineering and Development Department. He has authored over 35 research articles in scientific journals in physics and computer science, including Scientific American. If you have any comments or questions about the article, you can contact him at dtso.info@displaymate.com.

 

DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology

All Smartphone, Tablet, Monitor and TV displays can be significantly improved using DisplayMate’s proprietary very advanced scientific analysis and mathematical display modeling and optimization of the display hardware, factory calibration, and driver parameters. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, display performance improvement and optimization, testing displays to meet contract specifications, and production quality control so that they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our public Display Technology Shoot-Out series for consumers. This article is a lite version of our advanced scientific analysis – before the benefits of our DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve all of these issues. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to significantly improve display performance for a competitive advantage then Contact DisplayMate Technologies.

 

About DisplayMate Technologies

DisplayMate Technologies specializes in proprietary advanced scientific display calibration and mathematical display optimization to deliver unsurpassed objective performance, picture quality and accuracy for all types of displays including video and computer monitors, projectors, TVs, mobile displays such as Smartphones and Tablets, and all display technologies including LCD, OLED, 3D, LED, LCoS, Plasma, DLP and CRT. This article is a lite version of our intensive scientific analysis of Smartphone and Smartphone mobile displays – before the benefits of our advanced mathematical DisplayMate Display Optimization Technology, which can correct or improve many of the display deficiencies. We offer DisplayMate display calibration software for consumers and advanced DisplayMate display diagnostic and calibration software for technicians and test labs.

 

For manufacturers we offer Consulting Services that include advanced Lab testing and evaluations, confidential Shoot-Outs with competing products, calibration and optimization for displays, cameras and their User Interface, plus on-site and factory visits. We help manufacturers with expert display procurement, prototype development, and production quality control so they don’t make mistakes similar to those that are exposed in our Display Technology Shoot-Out series. See our world renown Display Technology Shoot-Out public article series for an introduction and preview. DisplayMate’s advanced scientific optimizations can make lower cost panels look as good or better than more expensive higher performance displays. If you are a display or product manufacturer and want to turn your display into a spectacular one to surpass your competition then Contact DisplayMate Technologies to learn more.

 

 

Article Links:  Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max OLED Display Technology Shoot-Out

 

Article Links:  Display Color Gamuts Shoot-Out NTSC to Rec.2020

Article Links:  Absolute Color Accuracy Display Technology Shoot-Out

Article Links:  Watching Displays at Night

 

Article Links:  Mobile Display Shoot-Out Article Series Overview and Home Page

Article Links:  Display Technology Shoot-Out Article Series Overview and Home Page

 

 

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